II VII ARIA 
UE SOUZA E COMP. 

Rita dos Latoeiros N. 60. 

RIO DE JANEIRO. 



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EXERCISES 



UPON THE 



DIFFERENT PARTS OF SPEECH 



OF THE 



PORTUGUESE LANGUAGE, 



REFERRING TO THE RULES 



OF 



MR. VIEYRA'S GRAMMAR. 



BY 



JACINTO DIAS DO CANTO, 

A NATIVE OF PORTUGAL, AND LATE OF THE 
UNIVERSITY OF COIMBRA. 



LONDON: 
PRINTED FOR J. COLLINGWOOD IN THE STRAND, 

1824. 



\J* 






ybfmc 



T. C. Hansard, Pater-noster-irow Press. 



IT will be sufficient, byway of Introduction, to ob- 
serve, that the following Exercises upon the Rules of 
Construction of the Portuguese Language, are ar- 
ranged in nearly the same Order in which those Rules are 
treated of in the excellent Grammar of Mr. Vieyra; 
Namely, 

Chapter I. — On the Accidence of Verbs page 1 

II.— 0/ the Articles 12 

III.— Of Substantives 21 

TV .—Of Adjectives , 24 

V. — Of Comparatives and Superlatives 30 

VI. — Of Personal Pronouns . 36 

VIL— Of Syntax of Verbs 73 

VIII.— Of Moods 83 

IX.— Of the Adverbs 100 

X.— Of the Prepositions 102 

XI.— Of the Portuguese Idioms 106 

And the Work is concluded by some Geographical 
Extracts relating to Portugal and its Colonies, which 
the Student may translate, after having gone through the 
former part : in these Extracts, the Portuguese Words are 
introduced where it is supposed they may be necessary. 

The Author begs leave to observe, that he teaches the Por- 
tuguese Language on moderate terms ; and may be heard of 
at the Publisher's. 



PORTUGUESE AND SPANISH ELEMENTARY 
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An Abridgment of the above Work, very beautifully 
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A New Grammar of the Portuguese and 
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Edition, greatly improved by Mr. Aillaud, with the Por- 
tuguese words properly accented, Is. 6d. 

Exercises upon the different Parts of Speech 
of the Portuguese Language, referring to Mr. Vieyra's 
Grammar. By J. D. Do Canto, new Edition, 12mo., 3s. 6d. 

Nova Grammatica Ingleza, a qual serve para 
Instruir aos Portuguezes na Lingua Ingleza. Par H. J. 
Da Costa. Nova Edi9ao, revista e augmentada, 4s. 6d. 

Historia de Portugal, por Antonio de 
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Selections in Portuguese and English, with the 
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Exercises upon the Rules of Construction of 
the Spanish Language ; with References to the above 
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tion, &c. as determined by the Royal Academy of Madrid. 
12mo. 3s. 6d. bound* 

A Key to Fernandez's Spanish Exercises, 
Umo. 2s. 6d. 

EXERCISES 



EXERCISES 

ADAPTED TO 

VIEYRAS PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR. 
CHAPTER I. 

ON THE 

ACCIDENCE OF VERBS. 



REGULAR VERBS ON THE FIRST 
CONJUGATION, 

whose Participle ends in ado. 

[See Grammar, p. 58.] 

J. LOVE, thou playest, he surveys. 
amar jogar abalizar. 

We command, you build, they expel. 
mandar edeficar expulsar. 

I did wash, thou didst plough, he did spend. 
lavar lavrar gasiar. 

We did burn, you did intimate, they did sing. 
queimar intimar cantar. 

I loved, thou abandoned, he braved. 
amar abandonar desajfiar. 

We embraced, you spoke, they dined. 
abra$ar fallar jantar. 

I have declared, thou hast triumphed, he has 
declarar triunfur 

recompensed. 
recompensar. 

B 



2 PORTUGUESE 

We have bought, you have jumped, they have 
comprar saltar 

relaxed. 

relaxar. 

I had inverted, thou hadst invented, he had 
voltar inventar 

irritated. 
irritar. 

We had signed, you had praised, they had 
marcar louvar 

impregnated. 
impregnar. 

I shall pay, thou shalt swear, he will swim. 
pagar jurar nadar. 

We shall load, you will discern, they will effect. 
carregar divisar effectnar. 

Let him look for. Let us dissipate. 
buscar dissipar. 

Shoot ye. Let them punish. 
Disparar castigar. 

I may gild, thou may est card, he may tame. 
dourar cardar domar. 

We may disguise, ye may reckon, they may 
disfar$ar contar 

cure. 
curar. 

I should inspire, thou shouldst instruct, he would 
inspirar ensinar. 

keep. 
guardar. 

We should hurt, ye would carry, they would 
lastimar levar. 

ballast. 
alastrar. 

I might limit, thou mightest dismiss, he might 
limitar licenciar 

scold. 
gritar. 



EXERCISES. 3 

We might govern, ye might sew, they might 
governar costurar 

rejoice. 
regozijar-se. 

I may have settled, thou mayest have raised, he 
regular elevar 

may have insinuated. 
insinuar. 

We may have amended, you may have encumbered, 
emendar embara$ar 

they may have falsified. 
falsificar. 

I should have adorned, thou shouldst have re- 
adornar re- 

compensed, he would have beautified. 
compensar formosear. 

We would have professed, you would have 
professar 

triumphed, they would have prepared. 
triunfar preparar. 

I might have paved, thou mightest have inflamed,, 
collar inflamar 

he might have laid snares. 
enlagar. 

We might have finished, you might have warmed , 
acabar aquentar 

they might have abused. 
affrontar. 

When I shall imprecate, when thou shalt annul, 
Quando imprecar annullar 

when he shall subdue. 
avassalar. 

When we shall jump when you shall buy, wheu 
Quando saltar comprar 

they shall praise. 
louvar, 

B 2 



4 PORTUGUESE 

When we shall have advanced, thou shalt have 
avanfar 
loved, when he shall have tamed. 
amar domar. 

When we shall have danced,you shall have dined, 
dancar jantar 

when they shall have sequestrated. 
sequestra?** 



SECOND CONJUGATION in ER, 

whose Participle ends in ido. 

[See Grammar, p, 64.] 

I learn, thou drinkest, he corrupts. 
Apprender beber corromper. 

We establish, you owe, they do. 
estdblecer dever fazer. 

I did provide, thou didst spread, he did perceive. 
prover estender eompreherider. 

We did describe, you did write, they did favour. 
descrever escrever favorecer. 

I separated, thou furnished, he suffered. 

dissolver guarnecer padecer. 

We claimed, you remitted, they required. 

pretender remeter requerer. 

I have forgotten, thou hast offended, he has taken. 
esquecer offender prender. 

We have remitted, you have feared, they have 
remeter temer. 

twisted. 
retrocer. 
I had reprehended, thou hadst hidden, he had 
reprehender esconder 

disliked. 
aborrecer. 



EXERCISES- 5 

We had proceeded, ye had known, they had 
proceder saber 

trembled. 
tremer. 
I will undo, ye will not know, he will subdue. 

desfazer* desconhecer veneer* 

We shall live, you shall sell, they will claim. 

viver vender pretender. 

Eat thou, let him come down, let us descend. 
Comer descer descender. 

Answer ye, let them undertake. 
Responder emprehender 

I may attack, thou mayest provide, he may 

accometer prover 

bite. 
morder. 

We may stir, ye may invade, they may promise. 
remover arremeter prometer, 

I should learn, thou shouldst drink, he would 
apprender beber 

grant. 
conceder. 

We should receive, ye would spread, they would 

receber estender 

hide. 
esconder, 

V might require, thou mightest eat, he might 
requerer comer 

condescend. 
condescender. 

We might absolve, you might attack, they might 
absolver accometer 

abominate. 
aborrecer* 



* Observe, that the verbs fazer, desfazer, contrafazer, 
form their participles infeito, desfeito, contrafeito. 



6 PORTUGUESE 

I may have foreseen, thou may est have drank, he 
antever* beber 

may have seen. 

ver. 

We may have suffered, ye may have spread, he 
padecer estender 

may have owed. 
dever. 

I should have provided, thou shouldst have 
prover 
turned, he would have drunk. 
resolver beber. 

We would have held,^ ye would have proceeded, 
ter proceder 

they would have sold. 
vender, 

I might have subdued, thou mightest have done, 
veneer fazer 

he might have untwisted. 
destorcer. 

We might have ruled, ye might have spilled, 
^ reger verier 

they might have lived. 
viver. 

When I shall require, thou shalt know, he shall 
requerer conhecer 

attack, 
accometer. 

When I shall have sent, thou shalt have un- 
remeter 

done, when he shall have claimed. 
des fazer pretender* 

We shall have taken, ye shall have lost, they shall 
prender perder 

have preceded. 
precede?*. 

* The verbs ver prever antever rever have the participles 
in isto, asprevisto antevisto revisto, &c. and not in ido. 



EXERCISES. 7 

The THIRD CONJUGATION in IR, 

whose Participle makes ido. 

[VieyrcCs Grammar, p. 87, 89.] 

I translate, thou admittest, he warns. 
traduzir admittir advertir. 

We gather, you dissent, they mix. 

colligir dissentir confundir, 

I did fall, thou didst define, he did sleep. 

cahir definir dormir. 

We did conclude, you did conduct, they did 
concluir conduzir 

confer. 
conferir, 

I assisted, thou conductedst, he accused. 

soccorrer conduzir arguir. 

We consented, you concealed, they divided. 
consentir encubrir dividir. 

I have construed, thou hast heard, he has reflected # 

construir ouvir reflectir. 

We have applauded, you have erected, they have 
applaudir erigir 

heard. 
ouvir, 

I had melted, thou hadst joined, he had divided, 

fundir reunir partir. 

We had produced, ye had supplied, they had 
produzir supprir 

instituted. 
instituir. 

I shall punish, thou wilt insist, he will refer. 
punir insistir referir. 

We will persuade, you will cover, they will omit. 
persuadir cobrir omitir. 

Introduce thou, let him gather, let us acquire, 
Introduzir franzir adquirir 

wound ye, let them open. 
firir abrir. 



8 PORTUGUESE 

I may contribute, thou may est divert, he may fence* 
contribuir divertir esgrimir* 

We may exclude, you may shake, they may 
escluir brandir 

demolish. 
demolir, 

I should blacken, thou shouldst confer, he would 

denegrir conferir 

swallow, 
engulir. 

We would exhibit, you should consume, they 
exhibit consumir 

would repel. 

repelUr. 

I might resist, thou mightest reward, he might 
resistir retribuir 

transfer. 
transferir. 

We might redeem, ye might go out, they might 
remir safdr 

transgress. 
transgredir, 

I may have insisted, thou mightest have forced, 
insistir impellir 

he may have re-cast. 
refundir. 

We may have made void, you may have felt, 
recindir sentir 

they may have repaired. 
resarcir. 

I should have laughed, thou shouldst have 
rir 
resisted, he would have punched. 
resistir pungir. 

We would have supplied, you would have re- 
supprir 

fleeted, they would have served. 
reflectir servir* 



EXERCISES. 9 

I might have destroyed, thou mightest have given 
destruir di- 

over, he might have examined. 
mitir discutir* 

We might have returned, you might have trans- 
restituir trans- 

mitted, they might have come near the shore. 
mitir surgir. 

When I shall warp, when thou shalt imprint, 
urdir imprimdr 

when he shall repress. 
reprimir. 

When we shall transfer, when you shall resume, 
trans ferir resumir 

when they shall invest. 
investir. 

When I shall have polished, thou shalt have 
polir 

argued, when he shall have consented. 
arguir consentir. 

When we shall have defined, ye shall have 
definir 

covered, when they shall have hindered. 
cubrir retrahir. 



ON THE ORDER OP WORDS, 

[See Grammar, p. 123.] 

I write three hours every day. 
Escrever horas cadadia. 

Thou art too troublesome to my friends. 
ser demasiado enfadonho amigo. 

He speaks like a Roman orator. 
foliar como Romano orador. 
B 5 



10 PORTUGUESE 

We go out of town every spring. 
Sahirpara fora cidade primavera. 

You show your probity very plainly. 

mostrar probidade muito ( l ) elaramente. 

They think it is very fine weather to walk out. 
pensar hello tempo para passear. 

^ I was extremely glad to see her again, 
( 2 ) Estar extremamente allegrar tornar ver la. 
Thou wast generously rewarded, 

ser generosamente premiar. 
He bought many things to send abroad. 

compar muito cousa mandar para fora. 
We encouraged all arts and sciences. 

animar ( 2 ) todo arte e sciencia. 
They tempted our faithful subjects. 

tentar nosso fiel vassallo. 
You baffled his wicked design. 
frustrar seu perverso designio. 
I have enriched his numerous family. 
Ter enriquecer ( 3 ) numerosa familia. 
Thou hast many accounts to settle. 
ter muito eontas ajustar. 

He has renewed his promises to us. 
Elletemrenovar promessa nos. 

We have seen the chief curiosities. 
ter ver principal curiosidade. 
You have examined them carefulty. 
V. m. ter examinar atentamentt* 

They have declared their last will, 

ter declarar ultimo vontade. f. 

I had resolved to get rid of them. 
determinar-se livrar delles. 



C 1 ) See Yieyra's Grammar, p. 115, on the formation, of 
adverbs out of adjectives. 
( 2 ) See Gram. p. 143, on the reciprocal verbs. 
( s ) See Vieyra's Gram. p. 18, and 43, 
C) See Gram. p. 18. 



EXERCISES. 11 

Thou hadst determined to say it plainly* 

resolver dizer sinceramente. 

He had fixed on that sort of diversion. 
Jixar em aquella sorte divertimento. 

We had sworn to love each other eternally, 

jurar amar-se eternamente. 

You had forsaken his acquaintance. 

deixar companhia. 

They had implored the king's clemency. 
implorar rey clemencia. 

I shall ever praise prudent people. 
sempre elogiar gente. 

Thou shalt publish that piece of news every 
publicar novidades em to da 

where. 
parte. 

He will return from France next month. 

voltar da Franca seguinte mez. 
We shall travel day and night till we arrive. 
viajar dia noite ate chegar. 

You will do yourself immortal honour. 
fazer vos mesmo honra. 

They will disgrace their noble family. 
deshonrar nobre familia. 

Bring me that bottle and a glass. 
Trazer garrafa copo. 

Let him gather all his things and then go. 
airanjar todas . cousas despois hir. 

Let us walk into the garden before dinner. 
passear em jardim antes junior. 

Go ye to our friends in the road. 
Hir amigo estrada. 

Let them answer all my questions. 
C 1 ) responder todo questoens. 

0) Responder governs the dative case of the thing. 



12 PORTUGUESE 



CHAPTER II. 



OF THE ARTICLES. 

[See Vieyra's Grammar, p. 8, 126.] 

Of the Definite article the, rendered in 
Portuguese by o, a> sing. o$> as, pi. 

Examples. 

The days of the month of January are very 
Os dias do mez de Janeiro sad muito 

short. 
curtos. 

The earth turns, and not the sun. 
A terra move-se e nao o sol. 

Practice. 

The Spring, the Summer, the Autumn, and the 
Prim aver a Verao Outono 

Winter, are the four seasons of the year. 
Inverno ser quatro esta$oens Anno* 

JYie sight, the hearing, the feeling, the taste, and 

vista ouvido tacto gosto 

the smell, are the five natural senses. 
olfacto sinco natural sentidos. 

The father, the mother, the sons, and the daugh- 
pay may JWto filha 

ters. 



EXERCISES. 13 

The good, the bad. To open the book. To give 
bom mdo. abrir livro. dar 

the lesson. 

Head. 



Cases in which the Articles o, a, os, as, are used 
in Portuguese, and the Article the omitted in 
English. 

[See Vieyra's Grammar, p. 126, 130.] 
o, a, os, as, not the. 

Examples. 

Virtue is amiable. Vice is odious. 
A virtude he amavel, O vicio he detestaveU 

Practice. 

Clemency, wisdom, and courage, are finer orna- 
Clemencia sdbedoria coragem maisbellos — - 

mentsin a prince, than the jewels with which he U 

os em hum — pe joias com que 

adorned. 
adornar-se. 

Gold, silver, health, and pleasures cannot make 
Ouro prata saude prazeres nao poder fazer 

a man happy without wisdom and virtue. 
o homemfeliz sem sabedoria virtude. 

Custom is the legislator of languages. Charity 
Costume ser legislador lingtias caridade 

is the greatest of all Christian virtues. History, 
maior todas Cristas virtudes. historia 

geography, and mathematics are necessary sciences* 
geographia mathematicas ser necessario sciencia. 

Grammar and orthography are necessary studies 
Grammatica orthographia ser necessario estudos 

to speak and write well. 
foliar escrever hem. 



14 PORTUGUESE 



Cases in which the Article the is used in English, 
and the Article o omitted in Portuguese. 

[See Vieyra's Grammar, p. 176.] 

Examples. 

Henry the first, Charles the second, George the 
Henrique primeiro. Carlos segundo, George 

third. 

terceiro. 
Volume the first. Chapter the sixth. Article 
Volume primeiro, capitulo sexto, Artigo 

the seventh. 
septimo. 

Practice. 

Charles the second king of Spain, son of Philip 
Rey Espanha Felipe 

the fourth, left his kingdom to Philip the fifth. 
deixar reino. a quinto. 

William the third, king of England, married the 
Guilherme Rey Inglaterra casar 

Princess Mary, daughter of James the second, and 
Princeza Maria Jilha Diogo 

(grand-daughter) of Charles the first. 
neta 

Book the third. Volume the fourth. Section the 

Ltivro Volume sessad 

second. 

Rule the tenth, chapter the fourth, article the 
Regra capitulo artigo 

fifth. 



EXERCISES. 15 

Cases in which the Article is not used in either 
Language. 

No Article is used before proper names of Men, 
Women, Towns, Days, Months, &c> 

[See Vieyrds Grammar, p. 127.] 

Examples. 

God is merciful. Peter is dead. 
Deos he mizericordiozo Pedro he morto. 

Not, o Pedro he morto, or, o Deos he mizericor- 
diozo ; but we say, o Deos dos Cristaos, o Deos da 
guerra, &c. 

Practice. 

Aristotle and Plato flourished in the age of 

s ao jiorecer ?iq seculo 

Philip and Alexander. 
Felipe dre. 

London and Paris are the two greatest capitals 
res z ser duas maiores . es 

in Europe. 
da a. 

Come and see me on Friday. 
Vir ver-me sestafeira. 

September and October are two fine months U3 

•m ro Outubro dots bonitos mez 

England. 
Inglaterra. 

Demosthenes and Cicero were two great orators ; 

_ mm . ser grande orador 

the former flourished at Athens, the latter at Rome, 
primeiro Jiorecer as segwido Rotna. 



16 PORTUGUESE 

A or an rendered by o, a. 

[See Vieyra's Grammar ', p. 127.] 

The English use the indefinite Articles fa or an) 
before Nouns of measure and number, when they 
want to express how much a thing is worth, or 
sold for; the Portuguese, t on the contrary, 
use the definite Articles (o, a, os, as,) in such 
cases. 

Examples. 

A shilling a yard ; sixpence a pound. 
Hum shelim a vara seis vintens o arrateL 

(As if it were a shilling the yard ; six-pence the 
pound.) 

Practice. 

I sell sugar for five guineas a hundred weight ; 

Vender asucar sinco os quintal 

coffee, at seven shillings a pound ; and tobacco, 
o caffe a sete arratel tabaco 

threepence an ounce. 
tres vintens onca. 

Corn is sold for two crowns a bushel. 
O trigo vende-se por cor das alqueir 

This ribband costs a shilling a yard. This cheese 
fita custar vara quejv 

costs seven-pence a pound ; good wine is sold for 
sete vintens O bom vinho vende-se 

five-shillings a bottle. 
garrafa. 
How much a yard ? How much a pound ? How 
A como he a jar da a como he arratel a como 

much a dozen ? 
he a duzia ? 



EXERCISES. 17 

Of the Indefinite Article de, rendered in 
English by of. 

[See Vieyra's Grammar ; p. 9. 128.] 

Examples, 

Man is exposed to all sorts o/'infirmitities. 
homem esta exposto a todas as sortes de infermidades. 

Practice. 

There are two kinds of curiosity, the one of 
Ha ' duas especies curiosidade huma 

interest, which incites us to desire to learn what 
■ , ■ se aqual conduzir nos ao dezejo de apprender 

may be useful to us ; and the other of pride, which 
poder ser util nos outro orgulho 

proceeds from the desire of knowing what others are 
nascer dezejo saber ser 

ignorant of. 
ignorante. 

Old age is a sort of tyrant, who forbids, under 
A velhice sorte tirano prohibir debaixo 

pain of death, all the pleasures of youth. 
depena morte prazeres mocidade. 

The hieroglyphics of the Egyptians were figures 
hieroglyphicos Egypcios ser as 

of men , birds, animals, and reptiles. 
homem passaro ■ reptU. 



1. — The Indefinite Article (a or an) used in Eng- 
lish, and hum or huma, omitted in Portuguese. 

Examples. 

A Portuguese grammar. An history of England. 
grammatica Portugueza. Historia de Inglaterra* 



18 PORTUGUESE 

Practice. ' 

A discourse concerning the obligations of natural 
sobre obrigagoens natural 

religion, 
religiao. 

A Roman history from the foundation of Rome ; 
desde fundagao a 

to the destruction of the Roman empire. 
ate destruicao o imperio* 



2. — After the word what used to express surprise. 
Examples. 

What a noise you make ! What a dreadful ac- 
Que bulha vos fazeis I que crrivel no- 

count ! 
ticia ! 

What an unhappy situation is that which obliges 
infeliz situagao ser que obrigat\ 

a father in his own defence, to expose the failings of 
o pai propria defeza expor crimes 

his children. 
Jilhos, 



&. — Before a Substantive, used to specify or explain 
the Noun preceding. 

Example. 

I come from Coimbra, a town of Portugal. 
Eu venho de Coimbra cidade de Portugal. 

Practice. 

Raphael excelled in expression ; a rare talent in 

exceder cxpressaQ — o nos 

painters. 

pintores* 



EXERCISES. 19 



When the Adjective is used Substantively then, 
it must have the definite Portuguese Article o. 

[See Vieyra,p. 129.] 

White and black are two opposite colours. 
branco e o preto sad duas oppostas c6res. 

Practice. 

Black and blue are better colours than red and 
Preto azul ser melhor cor deque vermelho 

yellow, 
amarello. 

Good and bad seem to be blended together 
Bom mdo pareeer estar misturar 

through all nature ; and sometimes to be confounded 

em toda a natureza algumasvezes confundir 

with each other. 
hum com o outro. 

The wise man seeketh wisdom ; but the fool des- 
sdbio homem procurar sdbedoria louco des- 

piseth understanding. 
prezar razao. 



RECAPITULATORY EXERCISES UPON THE 
ARTICLES. 

The love o/life, and the fear of death, are natural 
amor vida temor morte • 

to men. 
ph homem. 

The Creator of heaven and earth, is the God of 
— — d6r ceo terra Deas 

Gods. 
Pi 



20 PORTUGUESE 

Voltaire and Frederic the second, king of Prussia 
• o da — — 

were great friends. 
ser grande amigo. 



Exercise and temperance strengthen the constitu- 
ent) a fortalecer • 
tion. 

igao. 

The ant is the emblem of industry ; the lamb and 
formiga a ia cordeiro 

the dove, are the emblems of meekness and innocence. 
pombo suavidade — i«. 

Time is not the only master of experience. 

Tempo ser nao unico mestre ia. 

Books instruct. History is full of old generals, 
JLivro instruir - ia estar clteia velhos pi. 

conquered by young soldiers. 
veneidos mogos soldados. 

Fame, honours, and dignities, are precarious and 
Fama honras —dades precarias 

inconstant things* 

e coiza. 

The horror o/*vice, and the love of virtue are the 

■ vicio amor —de 

delights of the wise. 
delicias sabio. 

The king of France had given Avignon to the 
rey Franca ter dar Avinhad 

Pope. 
Papa. 

The price of silk is extravagant. Lace will be 
prego seda ser enorme renda 

sold for fifteen shillings an ell ; butter for eighteen 
vender-se quinze vara manteiga dezoito 

pence a pound ; eggs a shilling a dozen. 
vintens arratel ovos doze vinlens duzia. 

Honour is due to kings and magistrates. 
Honra serdevida rey dos. 



EXERCISES. 21 

Ignorance is the source of error, scruples, and 

ia origetn erros escrupulo 

superstition. 

supers Head. 

The sins, particularly forbidden in the Gospel 

pecddos particularmente p^ohibir Evangelho 

are sensual lusts, covetousness, anger, envy, hatred, 

i prazd res, avareza, colera, enveja, odio, 

pride, vanity, theft, and falsehood. 
soberba, vaidade, furto, falcidade. 

George the fourth King of England ; Lewis the 

Inglaterra Luiz 

eighteenth of France; John the sixth of Portugal, 
■ ca Joao ■ 

and Ferdinand the seventh of Spain were contem- 
Fernando ■ 

poraneous. 



CHAPTER III. 



OF SUBSTANTIVES. 

[See Vieyrtfs Grammar, p. 131.] 

When two or more Substantives come together 
without a comma between them, they all govern 
each the next in the Genitive Case, 8cc. 

Observe, that when two Substantives come together 
so as to make a Compound Word, that which 
is the first in English, is put the second in 
Portuguese, preceded by the proposition de. 

Examples. 

Newton's philosophy. The Prince's Guards. 
Filosqfia de Neuton. As Guar das do Principe. 



£2 PORTUGUESE 

2. De, used to express the use of the first 
Substantive. 

Examples. 

Silk worms. Wind-mill. Bed-room. 
Bichos de seda. moinho de vento. quarto de cama* 

Practice. 

PlutarcKs Biography is the best we know. 
Plutarco Biographia melhor conhecer, 

Camoens' poetry is translated into English. 
poezia traduzir Inglez. 

Here is my wife's brother's, partner's house. 
Ex a caza do companheiro do irmao de minha mulher. 
(As if it was, here is the house of the partner of 
the brother of my wife.) 

The soldiers of the King's guard are valiant men. 
soldados valente Jtomem. 

My father's country-house is a beautiful build- 

excelente edifi* 
ing. 
cio. 

My sister's bed-room is very small. 
irma cama quarto ser muito piquenoa 

There are a great many silk-worms in Italy. 
Ha grande numero em Italia. 

Many pretend that battles are not so bloody since 
Muitos pretender batalhasnao ser tad sanguinolenta 

the invention of fire-arms. 
depois inven$ao fogo armas. 

I always keep fire-arms in my bed-room for my 
sempre ter para 

safety during the night. 
seguranca noite. 



EXERCISES. 23 

When two Substantives are nominative of a Verb, 
the Verb must be put in the plural. 

[See Vieyrds Grammar, p. 132.] 

Examples. 

My brother and my uncle are in the country. 
• Meo irmao eo meo tio estao no campo. 

Practice. 

You and your brother are in great danger. 
Vos vosso grande perigo. 

Your father and your master are very sorry about 
Pay mestre discontentes da 

your conduct. 

vossa t — a. 

My sister and yours are great friends. 
irma grande amigo. 



If the nominative is a collective name, the Verb is 
always put in the Singular. 

[See Vieyrds Grammar, p. 132.] 

Examples. 

All the people was present. 
to do o povo estava prezente. 

Practice. 

The army of the confederates was very powerful. 
exercito do poderozo. 

The society of men would soon be overturned, if 
dade homem depressa destruir 

every one could with impunity take from another 
cada hum poder impunemente tirar ao outro 

what he should think proper. 
o que pensar aproposito. 



24 PORTUGUESE 

The people wish for peace ; but the parliament 
povo dezejar paz parlamento 

who know best the interest of the nation^ have voted 

conhecer melhor interesse na$ad ter votar 

for the continuation of the war. 
peUd ' — gad guerra. 



Sometimes the Dative Case must be rendered by 
the Portuguese Genitive Case. 

Examples. 

The impious are enemies to virtue, 
Os impios sad i?iimigos da virtude, 

(And not, os impios sa" inimigos a virtude ; but 
we can say oppostos a virtude.) 

Practice. 

Pleasure is often an enemy to reason and virtue. 
Oprazer muitas vezes razad virtude. 



CHAP. IV. 



OF ADJECTIVES. 

[See Vieyrtis Grammar 9 p. 18. 132.] 

Adjectives put after the Substantives. 

Adjectives of colour, figure, and quality, must be 
put after the Substantive, also Adjectives of 
Names of Nations. 

Examples. 

Cold weather. A round table. A white hat. 
Tempo frio. huma meza redonda. hum chapeo branco. 






EXERCISES. 25 

An English philosopher. 
Humjilosofo biglez. 

Practice. 

Humility is the basis of Christian virtues. 

dade base • Cristad virtude. 

A prejudiced mind is the source of innumerable 
Hum preocupado animo origem vet 

errors. 
erro. 
The public good is preferable to private interest. 
o hem ivel particular se. 

Satirical minds are like small insects, whose 
Satirico espirito como piqueno insecto cuja 
existence is manifested only by the efforts which 
existencia manifest arse sonxente exforcos que 
they make to corrupt things. 
fazcr corromper coizas. 
Geography is the description of the terrestrial 
ia 'vaa tei'estre 

globe. 
globo. 

A silent awe, a doubtful eye, and a hesitating 

silenciozo respeito timido olho tremula 

voice, are the natural indications of a true and re- 
vos _— - indicios verdadeiro re- 

spectful love. 
speituozo amor. 

Observe, that the order of the preceding Example 
may be the same in Portuguese as it is in Eng- 
lish, as follows :* 

A silent awe, a doubtful eye, and a hesitating 
Hum silenciozo respeito , hum timido 6lho, e huma tremula 



See Vieyra's Grammar, p. 133. 
c 



26 PORTUGUESE 

voice are the natural indications of a true and re- 
v6s sad indicios naturaes de hum verdadeiro c re- 

spectful love. 
speituozo amor. 

The central fire is the physical cause of the heat 

■ fogo fysico causa color 

of the subterraneous springs. 

■ — manancial. 

Newton was an English philosopher, Pleyel a 

- Inglez -o, ■ — 

German musician, and Camoens a Portuguese poet. 

Allemad muzico - ■ — « — — «r. 

The Monument of London is a round pillar. 
. o res redondo — 



When two or more Adjectives refer to the same 
Substantive, they are usually placed after it, and 
a Conjunction is put before the last, whether there 
be one or not in English. 

[See Vieyra's Grammar^. 133.] 
Examples. 

A iust and bountiful God. A long, tedious work. 
HumDeosjusto e bemfazejo. Huma obra longa e enfadonha. 

Practice. 

Great and extensive projects joined to a wise 

vasto o juntar sahio 

execution, constitute the great minister. 
execu$ad constituir —■ ro - 

A shallow argument has often persuaded those 

f raco w. o muitas vezes ■ ir 

whohad not been convinced by palpable and eviden t 
convencer • •vel 

proofs. 
prova* 



EXERCISES. 27 

The Adjectives digyio, worthy ; capdx^ capable ; 
dotado, endowed ; estimado, esteemed ; accusado, 
charged, &c. always require either a Noun or 
Verb, which they govern, and these have 
always the particle de after them, rendered in 
English by the prepositions of by, from, or 
with. Observe, that the following Adjectives, 
which require the preposition de before the next 
infinitive, govern the Genitive Case. 

Examples. 

A virtuous man is worthy of praise. Worthy to 

O homem virtuozo he digno de lovor. Digno de 

be praised, 
ser lovado. 

Peter is endowed with virtue. 

Pedro he dotado de virtude. 

Practice. 

The vicious are unworthy foie esteemed ; on the 
viciozo indigno estimar 

contrary, the virtuous are loved by all. 
virtuoso armar todos. 

Human life is full of disappointments. 

o veda cheia revezes. 

A man endowed with virtue, pleases every body. 

Hum homem virtude agradar a todo o mundo. 

Human life is never free from troubles. I am 

« nunca livre trabalhos. 

fatigued with running. 
fatigar correr. 

You are loaded with honours. He is accused of 
cheio honra. acusar 

robbery. 
roubo. 

Riego was charged with treason by the royalists. 
• acusar traicao realista, 

c2 



28 PORTUGUESE 

All Adjectives signifying inclination, submission, 
pleasure, &c. govern the Dative Case. 

[See Vieyra's Grammar, p. 134.] 

Example. 

Justice is obedience to written laws and constitu- 
Justica he a obediencia as leis e as constituipoens 

tions. 

escritas. 

Practice. 

The victory which Caesar obtained in the plains 

ia que Cesar obter campos 

of Pharsalia was baneful to his country, pernicious 

funesto paiz «zo 

to the Romans, and disastrous to human nature. 

os desastrozo genero humano. 

Men inclined to vice are hurtful to society. 
Homem vicio nocivo sociedade. 

Children must be submissive to their father, 
Menino percizar ser pay 

mother, and masters. 
may mestre* 



Adjectives of dimension may be rendered in Portu- 
guese by an Adjective or Substantive. Thus, 
high can be expressed by de alto or de altura ; 
long, by de comprido or de comprimento ; deep, by 
defundo or de prqfundidade ; wide, by de largo 
or de largura. 

Observe, that the Adjectives alto, largo, comprido, 

/undo, may be preceded equally by the Verbs 

svr, to be, or ter, to have ; but when we make 

use of the Substantives altura, largura, &c. 

these always require the Verb ter, to have. 



EXERCISES. 29 

Remember also, to put de before the numbers hum, 
dots, tres, &c. when they are not preceded by 
the Verb ter, to have, in which case de is left 
out before the word of number, but always stands 
before the word of dimension. 

Examples. 

The Monument of London is a round pillar of 
O monumento de Londres he hunia coluna redotda 

the Doric order, two hundred feet high. 

de ordem Dorica, de duzentos pes de alto. 
My father's house is fifty feet high, 
A caza de meo pay tem cincoenta pes de altura. 

Practice. 

The room of the Tower, in which is the royal 
salla Torre em que estar real 

train of artillery, is an apartment three hundred and 
trem artelharia quarto trezentos e 

eighty feet long, 
oitenta pis. 

London Bridge is nine hundred feet long, forty 
Londres Ponte nove cento quarenta 

high, and seventeen wide* 
dezasete 



Adjectives followed by em rendered in English by 
in and to. 

Examples. 

You must be civil to every body. 

Vos deveis ser civil para com todo o mundo. 

The true Christian must be patient in suffering 

O verdadeiro Cristad deve ser paciente em soffrer as 

injuries. flk, 

injurias. 



30 PORTUGUESE 



Practice. 

Scipio Africanus was respectful to his mother, 

Scipiad ~j o scr respeituozo may 

liberal to his sisters, good to his servants, and just 
irma bom criado o 

and affable to every body, 
r ■ vel 4odo o mundo. 
IV}erchants should be precise in fulfilling their 
Negociante rectos satisfazer 

engagements. 
palavra. 



CHAPTER V. 



OF COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES. 

[See VieyrcCs Grammar •, p. 19, 135.] 

The Comparative of equality is made by putting 
too, outro tanto, assim, before the Adjective; 
that of superiority, by putting mats, more ; and 
that of inferiority, by putting memos, less : 
when there are two or more Adjectives, the 
sign of comparison is repeated before every one. 
Than, expressed by que, do que, or de. 

The word than, which in English follows a Com- 
parative, is expressed in Portuguese by que or 
do que before a Noun or Pronoun, and by de 
before the Cardinal numbers que, two^ three* 
&c. 



EXERCISES. 31 

Examples. 

He is taller than you. He is* more than 
Elle he mais alto que v6s. Elle tern mais de 

twenty years of age. 
vinte annos de idade. 

Practice. 

The simplicity of Nature is more amiable than all 
simplicidade ^—za agradavel 

the embellishments of art. # 

belezas e. 

Nothing is more pleasing to the mind than the 

Coiza nenhuma agradavel espirito 

light of truth. 
luz verdade. 

Is there any thing more natural than to love 
Ha pois alguma coiza anuxr 

those who do us good? 
fazer nos hem ? 

(Under the reign) of Tiberius guilt was less dan- 
No reinado o culpa pcri- 

gerous than innocence. 
gozo ia. 

Riches are oftentimes more dangerous than 

Riqueza quazi sempre 

poverty. 
pobreza. 

He is more than half ruined. 
estar meio arruinar. 

You are happier than if you were a bachelor. 
ser mais feliz solteiro. 

Your brother John is taller than James. 
irmao Joao Diogo. 

It is more noble to forgive than to revenge. 
nobre perdoar vingar-se. 

* The English make use of the verb to be when they 
speak of Age ; and the Portuguese make use of the verb 
ter, to have, as in the example above. 



32 PORTUGUESE 

Your son is more learned and wise than I 
filho sabio e mats prudente 

thought. 
pensar. 

It is greater to overcome one's passions than to 
dominar as ?iossas paixoens 
conquer whole nations, 
conquistar todas nacao. 

My father is more than eighty years old. 
pay mais oitenta annos idade. 

Lewis the Fourteenth, in 1681, had sixty thou- 
JLuiz quatorze ter mil 

sand sailors, and more than a hundred men-of-war. 
maririheiros cem mil guerra* 

Though he had more than two hundred thousand 
Aindaque ter duzentos 

men, he could not beat the enemy. 

homem nadpoder hater inimigo. 



As expressed by Como. 

The word as used in English after a Comparative 
of equality or superiority, is always expressed 
in Portuguese by como; but when as occurs 
twice in a sentence, the first must be • expressed 
by tad. 

Examples, 
He is as learned as you. 
Elle he tao sabio como vos. 
I am not so young as he. 
JEu nad sou tad mo$o como elle. 

Practice. 

She has as much fortune as> her cousin. 
ter tanto riqueza prima. 

Impiety is as fatal to a state as to religion. 
Jmpiedade ,r estado •• ■ ■ ■ ■ pff.. 



EXERCISES. 33 

The love of neighbour is as necessary in society 
amor proximo 7iecessario sociedade 

as Christianity for eternal salvation, 
<smo cad, 

A prince is not so powerful as a king. 

principe nao ser poderozo rey. 

Women are not so strong as men. 
Mulher forte homem. 

My book is as handsome as yours. 
livro hello vosso. 

Education, institution, and instruction, are three 

■ gad icad gad ires 

things as different in their subject as the governess, 
e objecto aia 

the tutor, and the master. 
1 mestre. 

The man truly great, preserves his judgment (in 

verdadeiramente grande conservar a?iinio no 

the) midst of dangers, with as much presence of 

meio perigo tanto — ■ — a 

mind as if he (were not) in any danger. 
espirito nao estar perigo. 

Paris is not so populous as London. 

lozo dres. 

Great talents are of every condition ; and if they 
Grande talento toda pnrr 

do not shine so commonly in low people as in 

brilhar commumente baixaplebe 
others, it is for want of care and cultivation. 
outro falta cuidado gad. 



The Portuguese sometimes put muito and pouco 
before the simple Comparatives mats and menus. 

Example. 

My father is richer than yours by much* 
Meo pay he muito mais rico do que o vosso, 

c5 



34 PORTUGUESE 

Practice. 

The Condor of Peru is a bird bigger than the 
— - passaro do que 

ostrich by much. 
abestrus. 

Your son is more learned than mine by much, 
filho instruido meo 

Waterloo-bridge is handsomer than all others by 
_— ponte todo outro^ 

much. 



OF SUPERLATIVES. 

[See Vieyra's Grammar , p. 20.] 

When the Portuguese make use of the Superla- 
tives riquissimo, very rich ; amablissimo, very 
amiable ; sapientissimo, very wise, &c. those do 
not require the words muito, pouco, mats, or 
menos, before them; but we say muito rt'co, 
very rich ; muito pobre, very poor ; or riquissimo, 
and pobrissimo. 

s. Examples. 

Your father has a very beautiful garden. 
Vosso pay tern hum lindissimo jardim. 
My brother is very rich, and I am very poor. 

Meo irmao he muito rico, e eu sou pobrissimo. 

Practice. 

Newton was a very wise man. 
_ sabio homem, 

Mr. T. is a very honest man. 
honesto 

London is a very large city. 
dres grande cidade. 

China is a very extensive empire. 
imperio. 



EXERCISES. 35 



The most is expressed by o mais, mas. or a mats, 
fem. ; and it must be remembered, that when the 
English make use of the words the happiest, or the 
most happy ; the strongest, or the most strong, 
&c. the Portuguese always translate them, o mais 
feliz, o mats forte, &c. as in the following 

Examples. 

You are the most happy man I know, 

Vos sais o mais feliz homem que eu conhe$o. 

The handsomest flowers last but a short time. 

As mais bellas flores sad as que menos durao. 

The richest are not the happiest. 
Os mais ricos nad sad os mais felizes. 

(As if it were, The most rich are not the most 
happy.) 

Practice. 

The most learned are not always the most vir-? 
sabio commumente vir- 

tuous. 
tuozo. 

You are the happiest man I know, 
o mais feliz 

The canal of Languedoc is the most beautiful I 

have seen. 
ter ver. 

China is (the greatest) empire (in* the) world. 
o maior imperio do mundo. 



* Observe, that the superlative governs the Noun in the. 
Genitive Case in Portuguese, in such cases as in the ex- 
amples above. 



36 PORTUGUESE 

The city of Troy was formerly the most famous w 
cidade Troia antigamente famoza 

Asia Minor. 
— Menor. 



CHAPTER VL 



OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 

[See Vieyra? s Grammar , p. 25, 136.] 

The Personal Pronouns, eu, tu elle> &e. are placed 
after the Verb when the sentence is interroga- 
tive, and before it when it is not. 

Examples. 

I love ; do you love ? He is ready ; is he ready ? 
Eu amo ; amauvos ? Elle esta prompto ; estd elleprompto ? 

Practice 

/praise; thou eatest; he opens; we talk; you 
louvar comer abrlr falar 

drink. 
beber. 

Am. I accused ? do you learn Portuguese ? 

acusar apprender %.t 

Great warriors write their actions with simplicity, 

Grande guerreiros escrever atyoens simplicidade 

because they are prouder of what they have done 

porque ser mais soberbos fazer 

than (of what) they have said. We often (pass 

do que daquillo que ter dizer 



EXERCISES. 37 

judgment) on men's actions according to our love 
julgar homem accao segundo amor 

or hatred of the persons who have peformed them. 
odio pes was ter comet ido-as. 



Personal Pronouns in the Genitive Case. 

The Personal Pronouns of me, of him, of us, of you, 
of them, are most frequently disjunctive in the 
Genitive Case, and expressed in Portuguese by 
de mim, delle, de nos, de vos, delles, or dellas, 
fern. 

[See Vieyra's Grammar, p. 25, 26, 27, of the Declension of 
Personal Pronouns.] 

Example. 

They often speak of fne ; but I never speak 

Elles fallao sempre de mim ; porem eu nunca fallo 
of them, m 

delles. 

Practice. 

When some one advised Philip to expel from his 
Quando aconcelharao e expulsar 

dominions a man who had spoken ill of him, " I will 
dominio homem fallar mat 

take care not to do it,'' replied he ; " he would 
ter cuidado fazer replicou 

go (every where) and speak ill ofme" 
hir por toda aparte 

If you (do not behave) better, I will complain of 
portar-se melhor queichar 

you to your father. 
vosso pay. 

We never spoke ill of them, and consequently do 
nunca fallar mal consequentemente 

not expect they will speak ill of us. 
esperar fallar 



38 PORTUGUESE 

Of the Pronouns himself, herself, oneVself 
or itself 

The Pronouns himself herself themselves, oweV 
self are expressed in Portuguese by se, with a 
reflected Verb, and most frequently by elle, 
elle mesmo, ella mesma, simesmo, si mesma, &c. 
in other different cases. 

Examples. 

He is too proud ; he does not know himself 
Elle he muito soberbo ; elle nao se conhece sl si mesmo. 

{But we may also say, Elle mesmo se nao conheee.) 

He blames in others, faults he commits himself 
Elle reprehende nos outrosf altos que elle mesmo comete. 



Si mesmo is also used for one's-self or himself, in 
speaking of persons in general ; that is to say, 
in a vague sense, and without any specification 
Example. 

One ought not to speak of one's-self unless with 
Ninguem dtve fallar de si mesmo, se nao com 

modesty. 
modestia. 

Practice. 

(Every body) acts for himself 
Cada hum abrar 

When a man does not care for any person but 

Quando nao importar-se senad 

himself he does not deserve to live. 
nao merecer viver. 

It is not the part of a courageous man to (expose 
Nad he de hum corajozo homem expor-sc 

himself) to danger without necessity. 
perigo sem dade. 



EXERCISES. 39 

They are easily pardoned, who endeavour to 
Facilmente se perdoa procurar 

(withdraw themselves) from their errors. 
retirar-se erro. 

To excuse in one's-self the faults which we cannot 
desculpar /alias que 

bear in others, is to (like better) to be foolish one's- 
soffrer outros preferir ser indiscreto 

self than to see others so. 

vir outros ser-lo. 

Your brother (knows himself) ; he often makes 
irmao conhecer-se muitas vezes fazer 

reflections upon himself, and I hope he will soon 

refleccoens 

(correct himself) of his bad habits. 

corregir mao habitas. 



The Pronoun itself expressed in Portuguese by 
si mesmo, mas. or si mesma, fem. 

Examples. 

Vice is hateful of itself 
O vicio he odiozo de si mesmo. 
The earth is fruitful of itself 
A terra he fertil de si mesma. 

Practice. 

The remedy which you propose is harmless of it- 
remedio que propor innocent e 

self 

Men often reject truth, though evident in itself 
Homem rejeitar verdade aindaque e 

because the sight (of it) displeases them. 
porque vista della desagradar Ihes. 



40 PORTUGUESE 



Virtue is amiable of itself. 

de amavel 

Whatever is good in itself 
Nem tudo o que he bom 
proved. 
provar. 


is 
he 


not 


always 
sempre 


ap- 
op- 



OF CONJUNCTIVE PRONOUNS. 

[See VieyrcCs Grammar , p. 28, 137.] 

The Conjunctive Pronouns me, te, si, Ihe; [nos, vos, 
Ihes, rendered in English by to me, or me; to 
thee, or thee ; to himself to herself; to him, or 
him ; to us, or us ; to you, or you ; to them, or 
them, are joined to verbs after or before, and 
stand for Dative and Accusative Cases. 

Examples. 

This garden pleases me very much. 
Este jardim agrada-me muito 

She praises herself I will tell him. 
Ella louva-se a si mesma. Eu Ihe direi. 
I promise them. 
Eu lhes prometi ; or, Eu prometi-lhes. 

Practice. 

I gave them fine apples, and they did not give me 
dar excelentes macas nao 

any thing. I will tell her, 
voiza nenhuma dizer 

I know you, but you don't know me. 
conhecer mas nao 

Your dog is (very thirsty) (give it*) (something 
cad ter sede debeher 

to drink.) 



* When the pronouns it and them are in the dative case, 
and have reference to animals, they are expressed in Por- 
tuguese by Ihe and lhes, as the personal pronouns. 



EXERCISES. 41 

Your horses are hungry, give them some hay. 
Vossos cavallos fome dar algumfeno. 

When truth appears (in all) its brightness, nobody 
Quando apparecer con todo brilhantismo> 

<:an resist it. 
poder resistir. 

Pearls would not (be worth) so much money, if 
Perolas valer tanto dinheiro 

luxury did not give value to them. 
- — ia dar valor 

Is there any thing more natural than to love 

ha por ventura colza mats — — amar 

those who do us good ? 
a quellesque hem? 

Riches make you unhappy. 
Riquezas fazer infeliz. 

My husband loves me. 
marido amar-me. 

1 saw your brother in the park, but I could not 
ver irmao par que nao poder 

speak to him. 
fallar 



OF MIXED PRONOUNS. 

[See Vieyra*s Grammar, p. 29, 30.] 

There are some Pronouns in Portuguese which 
are composed of the Pronouns Personal and 
Conjunctive, and therefore are called mixed ; 
these Pronouns are put in Portuguese, as in 
English, after the Verb they are governed by. 
When it is in the Second Person Singular, or 
in the First or Second Plural of the Imperative 
Affirmative, then, instead of me, te, Ihe, we 
make use of mo, to, Mo, lha, &c. for the Dative 
and Accusative Cases. 



42 PORTUGUESE 



Examples. 

Give it me. I bought it to give it to him* 
Dai-mo. Eu comprei-o para dar-mo. 

Practice. 

When I get tired of my horse, I will give it to you* 
Quando enfastiar cavaJlo 

I dare not tell it to him* 
atrever dizer 

He has sold it to him. 
vender 

I gave it to him, but I will take it back again. 
dar tomar outra vez. 

I sold it to him. 

vender 
I let it to her* 

alugar 

You arranged it for him* 
arranjar 



OF POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. 

[See Vieyrrfs Grammar , p. 31.] 

Possessive Pronouns are repeated. 

The Possessive Pronouns meu, minha ; teu, tua ; 
meuS) minhas; teus, tuas, are repeated in Portu- 
guese before every Substantive, and agree with 
each in Gender and Number. 

Examples. 

My father, mother, and sisters, are in the 
Meo pay, minha may, e minhas irmdas, estao no 

country. 
campo. 



EXERCISES. 43 

(The English make the Pronouns his or her agree 
with the antecedent Noun ; the Portuguese, on the 
contrary, make seo, sua, seos, agree with the Noun 
following ; thus we say, speaking of a woman)* 

Her son is learned. Her brother is young. 

Seo Jilho he sabio. Seo irmao he mofo. 
And of a man, 

His mother is old. His sister is married. 
Sua may hevelha. Sua irmd he cazada. 

Practice. 

Such is man, his ingratitude is often the price 
Taes homem dad premio 

of our favours. 
beneficios, 

A good king does not (so much) consult his own 
tanto ar propria 

dignity and elevation as the advantage and happi- 
dade grandeza vantagem feifci- 

ness of his subjects. 
dade vassalo. 

The laborious man (shuts out) idleness from his 
laboriozo homem banir preguiga 
house ; he considers it as his greatest enemy ; he 
caza ar maior inimigo 

(rises) early ; he exercises his mind with contem- 
levantar-se sedo exercitar espirito ■ ■ 

plation, and his body with labour: the slothful 

gad corpo trabalho preguicozo 

man, (on the) contrary, is a burthen to himself; his 
homem pello contrario pezado a si mesmo J 

body is diseased for want of exercise ; his mind in 
corpo doente falta exercicio espirito 



* Observe, that it is a general rule, that seu is always 
plied to the masculine gender, and sua to the feminine* 



44 PORTUGUESE 

darkness ; his thoughts are confused ; his house is 
escuridao pensamerUos confundir caza 

in disorder ; he deplores his fate, but he has no 

' em deplorar sorte ter 

resolution to remedy it. 
cad para diar-o 

His mother is dead ; her father is dead ; his wife 
may morrer pay mulher 

is handsome ; her husband is young. His ambition 
linda marido moco gad 

is great ; her soul is elevated ; my history is short. 
grande vida elevado historia carta. 

His shame is great ; her hope is ill-grounded. 
ver gonna grand esperanca malfundado. 



Possessive Pronouns used in Portuguese, and 
not in English. 

When we speak to our relations or friends, we use 
the Possessive Pronouns meo, minha, mens, &c. 
before the words pay 7 may, irma, &c. 

Examples. 

Where are you, daughter ? Here I am, mother. 

Aonde estais, minha filha ? Estou aqui, minha may. 

(These Pronouns are left out in English.) 

(At last) the girl being come near the house, 
Enfin rapariga estando perto caza 

"Mother, mother," criedshe (come out), mother, come 

gritar vinde ca 
out, (here is) a gentleman who has brought us a 

aqui estd senhSr trazer 

letter from my father :" at that summons (out came 
eiirta dc pay chamados vm 



EXERCISES. 45 

the mother). (« What is the matter) child?'' said 
a may que tendes filha 

she, seeing her daughter with a messenger, &c. 
vendo com mensageiro 



Senhor, &c. before seu or sua. 

The Portuguese prefix the qualifications of 
Senhor, Senhora, &c. to the Possessive Pronoun 
seu, or sua, when they speak to any of their re- 
lations or friends, unless they are their inferiors 
or intimate friends. These qualifications are 
not used in English. 

Examples. 

Your father. Your mother. 

senhor seo pay. A senhora sua may. 

Practice. 

1 have invited your sisters and your cousin to 

convidar irma primo 

dine with us; I hope they will come. 
iantar esperar vir. 

Is your father at home ? How does your wife do ? 
em caza estar mulher 

Do your sisters learn geography? Is not your 

aprender ia nao ter 

mother returned from the country ? I saw yesterday 
voltado campo ver hontem 

your father and mother, but I did not see your 

porem ver 

sister ; is she sick ? 
doente. 



Possessive Pronouns used in place of the 
Personal. 
When the Possessive Pronouns are joined to a 
Verb, which denotes an action over any part of 



46 PORTUGUESE 

the body, they are rendered in Portuguese by 
the Personal Pronouns — thus : my is expressed 
by me ,* his or her, by se, Ihe, or o ; our by nos ; 
your by vos, or os ; and their by se, Ihes, or os, 
before or after the verb ; and speaking of a finger, 
hand, or leg, &c. the word hum or huma 
must be put in the same place in which the 
Possessive Pronouns are in English. 

Examples.* 

He has cut his hand. 

Elle cortou huma mad, 
or, Elle cortou-se em huma mad. 

You have cut his hand. 
Vos o cortaste em huma mad, 
or, Cortaste -lhe a mad. 

Practice. 
My brother died last year in Germany ; it was I 

irmad morrer anno passado Allemanha ; fui eu 

who closed his eyes. 
fechar-\he olhos, 
I will pare your nails if you will cut my hair. 
cortar unhas cortar cabello. 

My brother broke his leg yesterday morning. 
irmad quebrar perna hontem pella manha 
Our carriage (ran) unfortunately (over his body), 
sege passar-Vae infelizmente por sima 

(broke his leg), and bruised his left shoulder. 
quebrar-VciQ perna pizar-lhe esquerdo ombro. 

Do not speak (so loud) you split my head. 
fallar tad alto quebrar cabega. 

If you do not take care, you will cut your fin- 



nad tomar cuidado cortar 



gers. 
dedos. 



• Observe, to express his and their bv se, when the verb 
is reflected ; and by lhe or Ihes, when it is not. 



EXERCISES- 47 

A cannon-ball (shot off) my arm. 
canhao holla levar braco. 

Wash your hands. Warm your feet. 
Lavar mads* Aquentar pe. 



If, however, the phrase appear doubtful, that 
is to say, if the sentence do not sufficiently 
explain whose leg, feet, or arm, &c. we are 
speaking of, the Possessive Pronouns should 
be used in Portuguese as in English. 

Example. 

I see that my leg swells. 

JEu vejo que a mxnha perna incha. 

Practice. 
I see that my arm swells. 

ver braco inckar. 

Do you think my foot will ever (be cured ?} 

julgar pi curar 

I can take it with my hand. 
poder tomar-lo coin mad. 



Its, expressed by sen. 

When the Possessive Pronouns its and their relate 
to inanimate things, they are expressed by seu, 
sua, seus, suas — 1. When they relate to the 
Nominative of the preceding Verb. 2. When 
they are in the Genitive or Dative, or are pre- 
ceded by any preposition whatever. 3. When, 
being in the Nominative, they are joined to a 
Substantive, qualified by an Adjective, or 



48 PORTUGUESE 

specified by some other words. 4. When, being 
in the Nominative, the next Verb is, or may 
be followed by the Preposition de. 

Examples. 

1. London has its beauties. 
Londres tern suas belezas. 

% I admire the size of its streets. 
Eu admiro a grandeza de suas ruas. 

3. Its regular buildings please at the first sight. 
Seus edificios regular es agradao ao primeiro golpe de vista. 

4. Its ships bring the riches qfa\\ countries. 

Os seos navios trazem riquezas de todos os paizes. 
Its trade produces immense resources. 
Seu negocio produz imensos recursos. 

In any other occasion, its or their may be ex- 
pressed by o, as, or seu 9 sens, sua, suas, &c. So 
we should say, still speaking of London, 

Its situation is very convenient. 

A situapao he muita comoda t ox conveniente. 

Its squares appear to me beautiful. 

As pragas parecem-me lindissimas. 

I particularly admire its rich warehouses, 

Sobre tudo o que mats admiro sad os ricos armazens. 

Practice. 

This illness is dangerous ; I know its origin and 

doen$a perigoza conhecer cauza 

effects. 
effeito. 

Jealousy has Love for its father, and Fear for its 
Ciume amor pay temer 

mother. 
may 
This is a fine tree ; its fruit are delicious. 
A fruta desta linda arvore he delicioza. 



EXERCISES. 49 

Nobles, remember that an illustrious birth re- 
Nobres julgar hum illustre nascimento re. 

ceives from virtue its most shining lustre. 

ceber virtude mais brilhante explendor. 

This water (is not °ood) for you ; I know all its 
agua naa ser bom conhecer todo 

qualities, and I would never recommend it in such 
qualidades nunca recomendar taes 

cases. 

cazos. 

Paris is a fine city ; but its streets are too nar- 

Hilda cidade rttas muito es- 

row, and its houses too high. 
treitas cazas alto. 

War has its theory, as other sciences. 
Guerra ia outra sciencia. 



The Pronouns mine, thine, his, hers, rendered 
in Portuguese by meu, ten, sen, sua, always 
take the Definite Article, o, a, os, as, before 
them, and agree in Gender and Number with 
the Substantive to which they have reference. 

Example. 

Your garden is larger than mine, but my house 
Q vosso jar dim he maior que o meu, mas a minha eaza 

is larger than yours. 

he maior que a vossa. 

Practice* 

Your book is better than mine, but my doves are 
hvro melhores m« ° inpag 

better than yours, 
que vosso. 

D 



50 PORTUGUESE 

His action is blameable, yours (on the) contrary, 
procedimento culpavel pelo contrario 

is praiseworthy. 
ser digno de louvor. 

I have learned my lesson, but my sister has not 
ter apprender li^ao irmd ter nao 

learned hers, 
apprender 



OF DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 

[See VieyrcCs Grammar, p. 35.] 

The Demonstrative Pronouns this or that, are 
expressed in Portuguese by este, esse, or 
aquelle, before a Noun Masculine, and by esta, 
essa, or aquella, before a Noun Feminine ; 
these and those, are rendered by estes, estas ; 
esses, essas, aquelles, aquellas. 

Examples. 

This carpet ; that tree ; these books. 
Este tapSte j aquella arvore ; estes livros. 

Those men ; those women. 
Aquelles homens ; aquellas mulheres. 
That town ; those rivers. 
Essa cidade ; esses rios. 
I will speak to that man and woman. 
Eu foliar ei aquelle homem e aqueUa mulher.* 

Practice. 

This picture is fine. That man is learned. 
Undo, homem sabio. 



* Observe, that the Demonstrative Pronouns are repeat- 
ed in Portuguese before every Substantive, though they 
are not in English. 



EXERCISES. 51 

These oranges are not ripe. This bird is mine. 

laranjas maduro. passaro 

These houses are new. If you do not aiter your 
cazas nova. mudar 

conduct, and (make amends for) your former in- 
■ a e se nab reparares primeira 

justice, this widow whom you have oppressed, this 
a viuva opprimir 

poor woman whom you have forsaken, these unfor- 
pobre mulher abandonar desgra- 

tunate beings whom you have despised, will accuse 
pados entes desprezar accusctr 

you (in the) day of judgment. 
no dia de juizo. 



The Demonstrative Pronouns this and that, when 
used to point out some object without naming 
it, are expressed by isto and mo, or aquillo. 

[See Vieyra's Grammar, p. 37.] 

Examples. 

This is for me, and that for you. 
Isto he para mim, e auqillo para v6s. 

Practice. 

Do not do that ; 1 will do it myself. 

nab fazer fazer mesmo. 

If you refuse me that, you will repent it. 

recuzar arrepender 

This is good, that is bad. 
bom m&o. 

This is for me, and that for you. 
para mim 

Why did you do that ? 
Porq?u>e fazer 

D 2 



52 PORTUGUESE 

You should not speak of that before (any body.) 
dever fallar diante pessoa alguma. 

That is good to eat, 
horn comer. 



When the Personal Pronouns are the antecedents 
of who, what, or which, they are expressed 
in Portuguese thus,, 

He who, by aquelle que; 

She who, by aquella que ; 

They who, by aquelles que, &c. 

[See Vieyra's Grammar, p. 38.] 
Examples, 

He who loves virtue is happy. 
Aquelle que ama a vertude he feliz. 

They who despise learning, know not the value 
Aquelles que desprezad a sciencia, nad conhecem o valor 

of it. 

delta. t 

Practice. 

He who cannot keep a secret is incapable of go- 
nao poder guardar segredo incapaz go- 

verning. 
vernar. 

Nobody is more speedily oppressed than he who 
Ninguem depressa opprimir 

fears nothing, because security is often the begin- 
temer porque seguranca prin- 

ning of calami ty. 

cipio desgraca. 

They who are not satisfied with what they possess 
nad satisfazer-se possitir 

at present, will probably never be pleased with what 
e provavelmente content es 

they may possess in future. 
poder futuro. 



EXERCISES. 53 

He who never was acquainted with adversity, say s 

experimental* dade> dizer 

Seneca, has seen the world but on one side, and is 
— — nao tern visto mundo senao de lado^ 

ignorant of half the scenes of nature* 
ignora a metado das natureza. 

They who overcome their passions, conquer their 
dominar paixoens conquistar 

greatest enemies. 
maior inimigo. 



When the Relative Pronouns who, that, or which, 
are separated in English from their antecedents 
he 9 she, or they, they must be joined in Portu- 
guese, and then the second part of the sentence 
is put first. 

Example. 

He is contemptible who encourages idleness. 
Aquelle que encoraja a preguica he despresivel. 

Not, Aquelle he despresivel que encoraja a preguica. 
Practice. 

They do not know the human heart who trust 

conhecer o coracao jiar-se 

to the vain promises of men. 
vas promessas humem. 
They do not always succeed who best take their 
sempre acertar melhor tomar 

measures. 
medida. 

He is happy who wants nothing. 

feliz falta nada. 

They are unworthy the glory of heaven, who (give 

indigno ia ceo 

themselves up) to the pleasures of this world. 
entregar-se prazer mundo. 



54 PORTU GU E S E 

They are happy who are coatent with a little* 
feliz contentarse com pouco. 



The Pronouns that which and what are rendered in 
Portuguese by aquillo que, or o que ; the last is 
more frequently used. 

Example. 

What gratifies the senses, softens the heart. 
O que lisongea os sentidos, amolesse o coracad. 

Practice. 

What renders man miserable is cupidity. 
fazer homem vel cubica. 

What you say is true. 
dizer verdade. 

Consider, man ! what the law of God com- 
Considerar, oh ! lei Deos orde- 

mands, and what society requires of you. 
nar^ sociedade exige 

What I ask from you is a reciprocal friendship. 
exigir reciproca amizade. 

Tragedy excites terror ; it is that which renders 
ia — ar fazer 

it tragical. 
tragica. 

The epic poem excites admiration ; it is that 

epico a cad 

vjhich renders it heroical. 
fazer heroico. 
Education is to the mind what cleanliness is to 
cad espirito limpeza 

the body. 
corpo. 
What I fear most, is treason. 
tenner mais traicao. 



EXERCISES. 55 

OF THE RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 

[See VieyroCs Grammar ', p. 40.] 

The Relative Pronouns who, that, and which, are 
expressed by quern, when they are in the No- 
minative Case; whom, that, and which, are 
expressed by que, when they are in the Accusa- 
tive. 

Examples. 

The man who speaks. 
O homem que /alia. 

The book ivhich is on the table. 
O livro que esta solre a meza. 

The woman whom I see. 
A mulher que eu vejo. 

The watch which I have. 
O relogio que eu tenho. 

Practice. 

Cicero was one of those who were sacrificed to the 
Cicero hum ser saerificar 

vengeance of the Triumvirs. 
vinganca ros. 

The woman whom God formed (with one) of 
mulher Deos formar de huma 
Adam's ribs, was the cause of his sin. 
5 costella ser a pecado. 

The books which I read are good, but difficult 
livro ler ser bom, difficil 

to (be understood.) 
entender. 

Titus spent eighty millions on the public games 

o gastar oitenta milhoens . co jogo 

which he (once gave) to the Roman people. 
huma vez dar Romano povo, 



56 PORTUGUESE 

The Relative Pronoun whose, rendered in Portu- 
guese by cujo. 

[See Vieyra's Grammar, /?. 41.] 

Example. 

He is a man whose discretion I dare not trust. 

JElle he hum homem a euja discri$ao eu nao ousojidr-me. 

Practice. 

The person whose reputation you admire, deserves 

pessSa — caa — >-ar merecer 

your praise. 
louvores. 

Alexander, to whose courage they give (so many) 
-re m tanto ^ 



praises, died at thirty-three years of age. 
louvdr morrer trinta e trez anno idade. 



The Relative Pronouns whom, which, and also 
the Conjunction that, are often understood in 
English ; but quern or que are never understood 
in Portuguese; and particular care must be 
taken to use them every time they could be 
used in English. 

Examples. 

I think he will come. It is to you I speak. 

Eupenso que elle vira* He convosco que eu folio* 

Practice. 

The exercise you have given me to write is toa 

thema dar escrever 

long and too difficult. 
grande difficultozp. 

The company I keep is very honest. 
Ida frequentar honesta* 



EXERCISES. 57 

The wine we drank yesterday was very good. 

vinho Leber hontcm ser muito bom. 

The man I have spoken to is just come from 
homeni foliar acaba de chegar 

Portugal. 



The reasons I rely upon are solid. 
razad fundar sobre so lido. 

I think yon are in the right. 
pensar tendes razad. 

I will never forget the favour you have done me. 
nunca esquecer favor ter-me fcito. 



OF INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. 

[See Vieyra's Grammar, p. 39.] 

The* Interrogative Pronouns who, whose, to whom, 
8$c. are expressed in Portuguese by quern. 

Examples. 

Who is there ? Of whom do you speak ? 
Quem esta ahi ? De quern falais v6s ? 

Whom will you consult ? 
Quem consultareis vos ? 

Practice. 

Who doubts that a (young man) who loves virtue 

duvidar mancebo que amor dr, 

and science, enjoys more solid happiness than he 

~ ia gozar o felicidade que 

who spends his life in dissipation and pleasure ? 

passar vida cad prazer ? 

Who goes there? To whom do you speak ? Whom 
hir aid foliar 

shall I apply to ? Who is the man who can be 
dirigir homem 

D 5 



58 PORTUGUESE 

certain of constant happiness ? Whom shall I believe 
certo . e felicidade ? erer 

henceforth ? 
para ofuturo ? 



When the word which is interrogatively used, it 
is always expressed in Portuguese by qaal for 
the singular, and by quaes for the plural, both for 
the Masculine and Feminine Genders, 

Examples. 

Which of your brothers is married ? 
Qual de vossos iivnaos he cazado ? 
Which of your sisters is married ? 
Qual de vossas irmas he cazada ? 

Practice. 

Of all these pictures, which should you (like 

quadros pre- 

best), and which do you think (is worth) most 

ferir pensais valer mats 

money ? 
dinheiro ? 

I have heard that one of your brothers is dead ; 
ouvir que irmao morto . 

pray tell me ivhich. 
rogar dizer 

Which of your sisters learns Portuguese? 

irma apprender ■ z ? 

Which of these horses will you buy ? 

cavallos comprar ? 
You have read Telemechus and Jerusalem Deli- 
ter lev o Liber- 

vered ; which of these two poems do you prefer > 
tada ; poema preferir ? 



EXERCISES. 59 



When the Pronoun what is used in an interroga- 
tive sentence, it is always expressed by que or 
gual before a Substantive singular, and by 
quaes before a Substantive plural. 

Examples. 

What book do you read ? What lesson have you 
Que Uvro ledes vos ? Que Head tendes 

learned ? What are your reasons ? 

apprendido? Quaes sad vossas razoens ? 

Practice. 

What are your motives ? What dreadful news ? 

os ? terriveis novidades ? 

What crime has this man committed (that he 
— — — ter homem cometer para o 

should be) punished so severely ? 

punir severamentc ? 

What is the opinion of your father (on that 
Qual opiniad pay sobre aquelU 

affair ?) 

objecto ? 

What news have you learned in town to-day ? 

novidades saber cidade hoje ? 

What misfortune can we fear after we have lost 
desgracas teriier ter perder 

every thing ? 

iudo ? 



Observe, that the word what may be followed by 
a Substantive plural, and rendered by o que, 
when the Verb comes after a Substantive ; but 
when the Verb comes before, what must be ren- 
dered by quaes. 



€0 PORTUGUESE 



Examples. 

What are, your motives ? 
Quaes sad vossos motivos ? 
What motives have you ? 
Que motivos tendes vos ? 

It is not necessary to give any Exercises upon the 
above Examples, because the matter is sufficiently 
explained in the preceding page. 



OF IMPROPER PRONOUNS. 

[See Vieyrcts Grammar, p. 42.] 

Use of the Particle se. 

All vague and general expressions, such as one 
says, people say, it is said, it is reported, tyc. 
are rendered in Portuguese by the Particle se, 
with the Verb in the Third Person Singular of 
the Active voice. 

Example. 

They speak of peace. 
Falla-se de paz. 

Practice. 

When one has deviated from the paths of virtue, 

desviar caminho de y 

one ought to endeavour to get (into them) again. 
dever procurar recobrar~lo outra vez. 
It has been often lamented, that the origin of 
lamentar-se em 

almost every) nation is either lost in fables, «r 
quazi todas nacaa ou perder fabidas y 

buried in obscurity. 

-dade. 



EXERCISES. 61 

People attribute the invention of (gun-powder) 
attribuir invencao polvora 

to Berthold Scheward of Friburgh. 

It is reported that Pythagoras required a silence 

contar-se exegir io 

(of five) years from those he instructed in philoso- 

por cinco anno instruir 

phy. 



The words the same'are expressed in Portuguese by 
o mesmo, or a mesma, for the Singular, and by os 
mesvios, or as mesmas, for the Plural. 

Example. 

Is that the same book which I have lent you ? — 
He aquelle o mesmo livro que eu vos imprestei ? 

Yes, it is the same. 
Sim, he o mesmo. 

Practice. 

The same manners which (are becoming) (when 
ma?ieiras que Jicar hem 

natural), are ridiculous when affected. 
sao naturaes ser rediculo afectado. 

It is rare to see two persons of the same temper, 

o ver pessoa genio, 

and of the same opinion. 
opiniad. 

Whatever misfortunes happen to a philosopher, 
Por mats desgracas que accontecer Jilosofo, 

he is always the same, 
sempre 

The same thing does not please (at all) times. 
couza agradar em todos tempo. 



62 PORTUGUESE 

The words many and several, are usually expressed 
by muitos or muita<i> immensos or immensas, as, 
Many people, muita gente ; 
Many persons, muitas pessoas ; 
Many books, muitos livros, fyc. 

Examples, 

I have several books for you. 
Tenho immensos livros para vos. 

I have many reasons to do it so. 
Tenho muitas razoens para assim o fazer. 

Practice. 

Many poems of the first merit appear obscure, 

poema primeiro o parecer o 

because the reader is not sufficiently acquainted 
leitdr -temente familiar 

with the ancient fables, historical facts, or natural 
antiga historico facto , 

objects, to which the poet alludes. 

Many had rather suffer the loss of life than of a 
pessoas antes soffrer perda vida, 

(good name.) 
reputacao. 

When we apply ourselves to several sciences, we 
applicar-se muitas 

seldom (succeed) in any. 
raras vezes fazer progresses 



The Pronoun another* is usually expressed by out- 
rem, when speaking of persons only; and by 
outro, speaking of animals, persons, or inani- 
mate things. 

[See Vieyra's Grammar, p. 43.] 



EXERCISES. 6:} 

Examples, 

I have lost my pen-knife; I must buy another, 
Euperdio meo canivete ; precizo comprar outro. 

Another's disgrace often deters a tender mind 
As desgracas d'outrem muitas vezes afastao hum espirito 

from many vices. 
fraco de muitos vicios. 

He is another man now. 
Elle he outro homem agora. 

I must buy another horse, because my carriage 
He me precizo comp r rar outro cavallo porque aminha sege 

is too heavy for one to draw it. 

he muito pezada para hum. 

Practice. 

Another would not forgive you so easily as I do. 
perdoar tad facilmente 

1 will not admit another in my place. 
admitir meo lugar. 

Give me another pen-knife, because this is not 
Dar canivete, este 

sharp enough. 
amolado bem. 

The book of which I speak, is another book. 
livro /altar 

I want another plate. 
Precizar prato. 

Pray play another overture. 
Rogar tocar a. 

They came one after another. 
Vir hum depots 



The Pronouns one another, and each other, are 
expressed by hum ao outro, or huma a outra, 
when speaking of only two ; and by huns aos 
outros, humas as outras, when speaking of more 



64 PORTUGUESE 

than two. The first of these Pronouns is al- 
ways in the Nominative ; hence, if there be any 
Preposition in English, it must be put between 
them in Portuguese. 

Examples. 

They speak ill of one another. 
Elles fallao mat hum do outro. 

They love one another. 
Miles amad-se hum ao outro. 
They killed one another. 
Elles matarad-se hum ao outro. 

PRx^CTICE. n 

The faculty of interchanging our thoughts (with 
• dade comunicar ideas huns 

one another J has always been considered as one of 
aos outros sempre considerar. 

the greatest privileges of reason, and that which 
maior io razao, o que 

more particularly (raises mankind above) the brute. 
particularmente fazer o homem superior ao o. 

We must be civil towards one another. 
Nos dever ser para com 



The word both is expressed in Portuguese by 
amboS) or hum e outro, and neither by nenhum, 
or nem hum nem outro; if there be any preposi- 
tion in English, it must be repeated in Portu- 
guese before hum and before outro. 

Example. 

I speak of neither of them. 

Eu nad folio nem de hum 'nem de outro. 

Or, as is more frequently used, Nem dhim nem d'outro. 



EXERCISES. 65 

Practice. 

I love my father and mother ; I would do (every 
amar pay may fazet tudo 

thing) to please them both, 
ag radar 

Your brother and mine have great abilities, but 
irmao meo grande abilidade, 

they both make very bad use of them, 

fazer muito mao o 

Both suspect him, but neither will say why. 
suspeitar dizer porque. 



Nobody », expressed by Ninguzm. 

Example. 

Nobody loves mischief as mischief. 
Ninguem ama o mal como maL 

Practice. 

I know nobody so learned as you. 
conhecer instruido 

Nobody more impatiently suffers injuries than (he 
impacientemente soffrer injurias 

who) is most forward in doing them. 
primeiro fazer 

He who pleases nobody, is less unhappy than (he 
agradar menos infeliz aquelle 

whom) nobody pleases. 
a quern 



The Pronouns none, not o?ie, are expressed by 
nenhum, or nemhum. 

Examples. 

None of the judges were against you, 

Nenhum dos juises foi contra vgs. 



66 PORTUGUESE 

All the soldiers have been taken prisoners ; not one 
Todos os soldados forao feitos prisioneiros ; nemhum 
has escaped. 
escapoui 

Practice. 
Of all the nations of the earth, there is none (but 
toda napao terra, nao ha que 

has an idea) of God. 
nao tenha idea Deos, 

(Of the great number) of friends who surround 
grande —ero amigo rodeiar 
us in prosperity, there often remains not one in 
nos 'dade restar 
adversity. 
dade, 

I had many friends, but yet not one has relieved 

muito amigo, contudo soccorrer 



me. 

me. 



The Pronouns every one and every body are 
expressed by cada hum, or cada huma^ and 
sometimes by todos, or todo o mundo, &c 

Examples. 

Every one thinks of himself. 
Cada hum pensa de si mesmo. 

Every seience has its principles. 
Cada sciencia temseus principios. 



The word eacA is an Adjective, which, being Sub- 
stantively used, is expressed by cada hum, and 
is always Singular. 

Examples. 

They have each a good place. 
Elles tern cada hum hum bom lugdr ,• 
Or, Cada hum delles tern hum bom lugar. 



EXERCISES. 67 

Practice. 

Every one lives after his own way. 
viver segundo gosto. 

Every body has (his own) faults. 
tern seos defeito. 

We must give every one his own. 
He necessario dar o que he seu. 

After the ladies had danced all night, every one 
Depois que senhora dancar noite 

of them went home. 
Mr para caza. 

Every country has its customs and its laws. 
paiz ter times lei. 

Every one must take care of himself. 
dever tomar cuidade si mesmo. 
The epic poem of Voltaire, and that of Milton, 

have each their merit. 
ter merito, 

Every one has his own manner of thinking and 
ter maneira pensar 

acting. 
obrar. 



The Pronouns somebody, and any body, are both 
expressed by alguem, and are always Singular 
and Masculine. 

Example. 

Somebody has told it me. 
Alguem mo disse 

Practice. 

When we are (in town), we have almost (every 
na cidade ter quasi todos 

day) so?nebody to dine with us, 
os dias jantar 



68 PORTUGUESE 

Has ever any body seriously doubted of the im- 
seriamente duvidar 
mortality of the soul ? 
dade alma ? 



The word some, or any, expressed in Portuguese 
by aigurrty alguma, sing, alguns, algumas, plural. 

Examples. 

There are some defects in your book. 

Ha alguns defeitos no vosso livro. 

Those pears are fine; I will take some. 

Aquellas per as sad optimas ; eu tomarei algumas. 

Practice. 

Of the magistrates, some voted for the death of 
• dos votar morte 

the admiral, and some for his banishment ; but the 

almeirante degredo 

majority was for (setting him) at liberty. 
maioridade liberdade. 

The vestal virgins were obliged to preserve their 

— em obrigar conservar 

virginity while they waited on the goddess Vesta ; 
-dade servir deoza 

if any sinned against that law, she was buried alive. 
pecar contra ley enterrar viva. 

I have some books for you, and some also for 
ter livro 

your brother. 
irmao. 

Give me some oranges. Give me some pears. 
Dqr laranjas, peras. 



EXERCISES. 69 



The words all, and the whole, are expressed in 
Portuguese by todo, or o todo, for the sing. ; 
and todos, todas, for the Plural. 

Examples. 

I have eaten all the apples. 
Eu comi todos os peros. 

The whole is greater than its part. 
O todo he maior do que a parte. 

Practice. 

All the graudeur, wealth, and power of the earth 
grandeza riqueza poder terra 

cannot satisfy an ambitious mind. 
nuo poder satisfazer ambiciozo espirito. 

I will take the whole, 
tomar 

(How much) do you ask for the iv/iole? 

quanto pedir 

I will not sell the whole ; I must keep a part for 
vender he per do que eu guar dar - — e A 

myself. 
mint. 



The word every, expressed by todo, or toda sing. ; 
todoS) todas, plural. 



Example, 

Every man is mortal. 
Todo o homem he mortal. 

Practice. 

The passions of youth (are pliant) to every im- 
paijrad mocidade ceder im- 

pression. 
pressoens. 



70 PORTUGUESE 

Come and see me every day. 
Vir ver diets. 

We naturally ascribe to God every kind of per- 
mente attrzbuir Deos 

fection, as wisdom, power, and goodness without 
— ipao sabedoria, poder, bondade sem 

bounds, existing (through) all ages, pervading 
lemite existir em seculos eneher 

all space, providing for all mankind in general, and 
espapo providenciar humanidade geral 

for every creature in particular, 
creatura ■■ ■ ■■ 



Every thing, all, all things, are expressed by 
tudo, without any Article, and in Compound 
Tenses, when in the Accusative, are placed be- 
tween the Auxiliary and the Participle. 

Examples. 

All is mutable in this world. 
Tudo he mudavel neste mundo. 
He has lost every thing* 
Elle perdeo tudo. 

Practice. 

The Pyrrhonians were philosophers, who doubted 
Pirroneos Jilosofo duvidar 

of every thing. 

Every thing is vanity in this world* 
vaidade mundo. 

Every thing displeases you. 
desagradar 

He takes every thing* 

tomar 
She has taken every thing for her. 
tomar etta. 



EXERCISES. 71 

Piety refers all things to God ; self-love (on 
dade attribue tudo amor-proprio 

the) contrary, applies every thing to itself. 

pello < io attrzbuir a si. 



The word whatever, expressed by qualquer, for the 
Singular, and quaesquer for the Plural. 

Example: 

Whatever your faults may be, they will forgive 
Quaesquer que sejad vossas faltas, vos serab perdoadas. 

you. 

Practice. 

Whatever your birth may be, whatever your 
nascimento 

elevation and glory, you ought not to despise any 

eleva^ao ia nao dever despi'ezar nin- 

body. , 

guem. 

Whatever may be the power of the king, he 
poder rey 

cannot hope to increase nor even to preserve it, if he 
nao poder esperar augmentar mesmo conservar 

be not (particularly attentive) to gain the affections 

procurar grangear affecto 

of his subjects. 

vassalo. 

Whatever your motives may be, your conduct 
o ■ a 

will be condemned. 



When whomsoever is preceded by of, to, or any 
other Preposition, it is expressed by quemquer 
que ; or quemquer que seja, with the next Verb 
in the Subjunctive Mood. 



72 PORTUGUESE 

Example. 

Of whomsoever he speaks, I do not believe him. 
De quemquer que seja que ellefalle, nao oacredito. 

Practice. 

Of whomsoever you speak, avoid calumny. 

evitar calicmnia. 

To whomsoever you apply, they will tell you the 
dirigir dizer 

(same thing.) 
o mesmo. 



The words all that, every thing that, and also 
whatever signifying all that, are expressed in Por- 
tuguese by tudo o que, or tudo aquillo que, and are 
always Masculine and Singular. 

Examples. 

All that you say is true. 
Tudo o que vois dizeis he verdade. 
All is not gold that glitters. 
Nem tudo o que luz he ouro. 

Practice. 

All that which does not tend to the glory of God, 
tender —ia Deos 

or to the good of society, is mere vanity. 
hem dade o vaidade. 

Every thing that is lofty, vast, or profound, ex- 
sublime profundo ex- 

pands the imagination, and dilates the heart. 
tender — cad dilatar coracad. 

Whatever is good in itself, (is not always) ap- 
si mesmo nem sempre he ap- 

proved. 
rovar. 



EXERCISES. 73 

Such, expressed in Portuguese by tal for the sing, 
and taes for the plural. 

Example. 

Such a man must be punished. 
Hum hornem tal devt set punicb* 

(Observe, that the word tal may be put after or 
before substantives, as, Hum homem tal, or Hum tal 
hornem.) 

Practice. 

He made such a noise, that all the people came to 
fazer bulha gente vir 

the windows. 
ginella. 

I never in my life heard of such a thing. 
nunca ouvir colza, 

Such a power as a king. 
poder rey. 

Such as can send. Such a one. 
mandar. hum, 

Such a man ought not to speak on such topics. 
homem dever /altar topicos. 

Such a king is worthy of such subjects. 

rey digno vassalo, 

Such is the father, such the mother, and such are 
pay may 

theirchildren. 

filhos 

Such is the country, such are the people. 

paiz povo. 

Form your eloquence upon suoh models as 

Fortnar . , fa sobre oeomo 

Demosthenes and Cicero. 



E 



74 PORTUGUESE 

CHAPTER VII. 



OF SYNTAX OF VERBS. 

ISee Vieyrcts Grammar, p. 139.] 

All the Personal Verbs agree in Portuguese with 
their Nominative Case, both in Number and 
Person ; as, I speak, eu fallo ; thou speakest* 
tuf alias; but sometimes the Nominative is un- 
derstood, as, fallo, j alias, &c. 

Examples. 

I speak ; thou speakest; he reads; we dine. 
Eu fallo; tu /alias; elle U; nosjantamos. 



All Substantives are of the Third Person ; and a 
Verb must always be put in the Third Person, 
Singular or Plural, when it has a Substantive 
for its Nominative Case. 

Examples. 

The master teaches. The scholars study. 
O mestre ensina. Os discipulos estudao. 



When a Noun is collective, the Verb must be in 
the Singular, not the Plural. 

Example. 

The people are looking. 
O povo esta olhando. 



EXERCISES. 75 



Practice. 

1 read the Bible. Thou speakest too fast. 

ler Eiblia. fallar depressa. 

He writes well. We are all mortal. 

escrever hem, • 

You are young. My sister and brother willdance. 
moco. irmoi irtnao danpar 

Virtue and Vice have different consequences. 

de io '— -e ■ ■ ■ ■ < ia> 

The people were alarmed, 
povo alvoracar. 

The parliament did not consent. 
parlamenlo ir. 



Of the Auxiliary Verbs. 

When the Verb haver is used impersonally, and 
signifies in English there is,* it must be express- 
ed in Portuguese by ha muito, ha pouco, &c. 

Example. 

There is a great quantity of gold in the Brazils. 
Ha muito ouro no Brazil. 

Practice. 

There are occasions wherein silence and sim- 
occaziao em que io . 

plicity are to be preferred to eloquence and osten- 
■ dade preferir eloquencia ■ 

tation. 
cad. 

There is (a great deal) of satisfaction in teaching 
grande ■ cad ensinar 



See Vieyra's Grammar, p. 110. 
e2 



76 PORTUGUESE 

diligent boys ; but there is a great deal of trouble 

. — e P° rem trabalhv 

in instructing idle scholars. 

ensinar preguicozo descipulo. 
There are four universities in Scotland, and in 
universidade Scocia 

Portugal there is but one. 
-*- ■ ■ nao ha huma. 



When the Verb ser is used impersonally, as, it is, 
it was, &c. it may be expressed by he, sad, era, 
or eram, according to the Number, Singular 
or Plural. 

Example. 

tt is love and reason that prescribe it. 
He amor e a razao que o ordenad. . 

Practice. 

It is very lamentable to see men of excellent 

■ vel r 

parts prone to vice. 
prendas propenco —io. 

It is pleasant to remember past troubles. 
agradavel lembrar encomodos. 

It was very easy to do it. 

facil * fazer. 
It is necessary to be always prudent. 

i io ser sempre ■ e. 

It is easy to say how it might have been done, 
facil dizer como ter ser fazer 

but it was very difficult to do it. 
porem muito difficit 



EXERCISES. 11 

Of the Impersonal and Reciprocal Verbs. 

[See VieyrcCs Grammar, p. 103,104.] 

The Impersonal Verbs trovejar, choviscar, gear, 
nevar, &c. have only the Third Person Singular 
expressed in Portugueze, sis,troveja, it thunders ; 
chovisca, it misles ; gea, it freezes. 

Examples. 
It rains so fast that nobody can go out. 

Chove tanto que ninguem pode sahir. 
It thunders in such a manner that it alarms me. 

Troveja de tal maneira que me faz medo 

Practice. 

I cannot go home, because it rains very much. 

nao poder ir chover muito. 

I am (very much) pleased when it freezes ; but 
gostar muito porem 

I am sorry when it rains, or when it thunders. 
disgostar-se trovejar. 



Those Verbs which are derived from the Active 
Verbs, and followed by the particle se, which 
renders them impersonal, are thus expressed : 
ama-se, louva-se, dt's-se, nota-se, &c. 
Examples. 

They speak of peace. They say so. 
Fala-se de paz. Dis-se. 

Practice. 

When one has deviated from the paths of virtue, 
Quando desviar-se caminho 

one ought to endeavour (to regain them.) 
esfor9ar-se adquiri-los. 
It is reported that Alcibiades was one of the most 
« — - ■ ■ ■ hum do mais 

valiant of men. 
valente 



78 PORTUGUESE 



The Impersonal Verbs convir, cumprir^ aeontecer, 
bastar, &c. which have a great affinity to the 
Reciprocal Verbs, are conjugated with the Pro- 
nounk Conjunctive, me, te, se ; nos, vos, Ikes* 

[See VieyrcHs Grammar ^ p, 104, 150.} 

Examples. 

It is convenient to me. 
Isto convem-me. 
It is not convenient to me. 
Isto nao me convem, 

(Observe, that when the sentence is negative, the 
Pronouns me, fe, se, &c. must be put before the 
Verb.) 

Practice. 

This is convenient to every one, but that is not 
e a todo o mundo 

convenient to any one. 

e 

For a valiant and wise general, a few soldiers are 
valerozo sabio soldado 

sufficient to destroy great armies, 
bastar-lhe r— — wir exercito. 

My new coat becomes me, but your's does not 
casaca estar bem porem nao estar 

become you. 

bem 

It happens that my sister broke her leg, conse- 
acontecer irma quebrar perna^ conse* 

quently we cannot fulfil our engagement. 
fjuentemente naopoder satisfazer promessiu 



EXERCISES. 79 

Of the Syntax of Verbs, Active, Passive, &c. 

[See Fieyra's Grammar, p. 141.] 

Verbs which govern the Genitive. 

Verbs signifying grief, compassion, want, re- 
membrance, forgetting, &c. as, compadecer-se, 
abuzar, lembrar-se, esquecer-se, percizar, dis- 
confiar, &c. and all the Reciprocal Verbs of 
jeering, boasting, and distrusting, invariably 
govern the Genitive Case, asjactar-se, goliar-se, 
picar-se, envergonhar-se, arrempender-se, &c. 

Examples. 

He perishes by hunger. 
Elle morre de/ome, 

I pitied him for his misfortunes. 
Eu compadeci-me das suas desfortunas. 

All this \ forgot. 
Esqueci-me de tudo. 

Practice. 

He repents his faults. She distrusts every body. 

arrepender-se falta. desconfiar 

The impious mock at virtue, and ridicule reli- 
impio escarnecer virtude ridicularizar reli- 

gion. 
giao. 

He grieves for the loss of his mother. 

pezar-lhe perda may* 

She remembers her sister with affection. 

lembrar-se irmd qflicgao. 

Po not forget what I once told you. 
esquecer-se huma vez dizer 



80 PORTUGUESE 

Suffer them not to perish for want, if you can 
morrer necessidade poder 

help them, 
soccorrer. 

Do not laugh at others misfortunes, instead of 
zombar desgraca em lugar 

pitying them, 
eompadecer-se. 

You abuse the favours of fortune, and you do not 
abuzar favSr a 

use your victory with moderation, 
uzar — ria gad. 



Verbs which govern the Dative. 

The Verbs obedecer, desobedecer, agradar, desagra- 
dar 9 perdoar, resistir, succeder, subre-viver, 
assistir, ajudar, satisfazer, favorecer, ameafar, 
mandar, &c. invariably require a Dative in Por- 
tuguese. 

Examples. 

He obeys his master. 

„ Elle obedece a seo mestre. 

You please every body. 
V6s agradais a todo o mundo 
And not, Elle obedece seo mestre, nor vos agradais todos 
nor todo o mundo. 

Practice, 

Flattery can hurt nobody, but him whom it 

Lizonja danificar 

pleases. 
agradar. 

If we do not forgive others, we must not expect 
perdoar dever nao esperar 

that God will forgive us. 
JDeos 



EXERCISES. 81 

Remember, O my son, the counsel I give thee ; 
Lembrar filho conselho dar 

it will profit thee much. Obey the law of God ; 

approveitar muito, Obedecer lei 
obey the king, and all the subordinate magistrates ; 
rex & todo -do ■ do; 

resist your passions ; forgive your enemies ; hurt 
resistir paixao ; inimigo ; offender 

nobody, and never yield to the allurements of 
ceder cUractivo 

pleasure. 
prmer. 



Verbs which govern the Accusative. 

All the Verbs which can be turned by the Passive 
voice, invariably govern the Accusative in Por- 
tuguese. 

Examples. 

I accept your offer. 
Eu aceito vossa offer ta. 

Tell me your opinion on this subject. 
Dai-?ne vosso parecer neste assumpto. 

Practice. 

God accepts of our endeavours after holiness, 
acceitar erforco para che gar santidade 

provided they be sincere. 
contanto sincero, 

" He who (was never acquainted with) adversity," 

nunca conheceo a dade, 

says Seneca, " knows the world but on one side." 

dizer nao conhecer mundo senad lado. 

If you seek for happiness (any where) butin God, 
procurar felicidade em outra parte que naoseja em Deos, 
you are sure to be disappointed. 
seguro ser enganado. 
E 5 



82 PORTUGUESE 

Henry the Fourth looked upon good education a* 

Henrique considerar a bom cao 

a thing (upon which) depends the felicity of king- 

deque defender dade reino 

doms and people. 
povo. 



Accusative and Genitive. 
The Verbs absolver, accusar advertir, banir, cor- 
regir, dissuadir, excluir, expulsar, informar> 
and a few others, govern the Accusative of the 
Person, and the Genitive of the Thing. 

Examples. 
To expel the im pious from society. 
Expulsar os impios da sociedade. 
I will inform your father of your conduct. 
Eu enformarei vossopay da vossa conducta. 

Practice. 

It is the part of a fool to accuse another of a fault 
ser louco accusar falta 

of which he is himself guilty. 
culpado* 

Our infirmities often remind us of mortality ; 

infirmidade fazer lembrar « — dade; 

sickness warns us of death : adversity ought to 
doenca advertir nos morte ; dade dever 

admonish us of our duties, and make us think of 
advertir nos dever fazer pensar 

religion. 
religiao. 

Correct the mistaken and dissuade the imprudent ; 

Corregir enganar dissuadir ■ te 

but exclude the liar and banish the wicked from 
excluir mentiroso banir mao 

your society. 

dade. 



EXERCISES. 83 



Accusative and Dative. 

The Verbs ddr, conceder, dirigir, trazer, atribuir, 
confessdr, communicar, confidr, aconcelhdr, rfc- 
clardr, dedicar, dever, dizer, escrever, ensinar, 
explicdr, tirdr, preferir, procurdr, prometer, 
recusdr, responder, and a few others, invariably 
govern in Portuguese the Dative of the Person, 
and the Accusative of the Thing. 

Examples. 

Take that sword from your 5011. 
Tirai aquella espada a vosso filho. 

Write to your brother what I say. 
Escrevei que digo a vosso irmad. 

Practice. 

We must give children an honest liberty, and 

dever dar menino honesta dade 

forgive them the faults which they commit through 
desculpar faltas cometdr por 
ignorance or levity. 
cia leviandade . 

Prefer virtue to riches. 

Perferir de Hqueza. 

If we were allowed to take away from others what- 
Se nos fosse permetido tirar outro 

ever we might think proper, the society of men 

julgar aproposito dade 

would be soon overturned. 
cedo destruir. 
Give to your brother prudent advice. 
D&r irmao ,, e concelho, 



84 PORTUGUESE 

Always prefer honour to interest. 
Sempre preferir hour a inter esse. 

Justice gives (every body) his own. 
a d cada hum o que he sea. 



CHAPTER VIII. 



OF MOODS. 

[See Vieyrots Grammar, p. 14?.] 

Of the Indicative Mood. 

The Present of the Indicative Mood is used in 
Portuguese to express a thing present. 

Example. 

I see a man walking. 

Eu vejo hum homem passeando . 

I walk every day. 
Eupasseo todosos dias. 

Practice. 

History is the picture of times and men, and 

ia quadro tempo 

consequently the image of inconstancy and ca- 
. — entente —m ia, 

price. 

The rain-bow [is formed) by the beams of the sun 
arco-iris formar raw scl 

reflected by drops of rain. 
reftectlr gSta agua. 



EXERCISES. 85 

I (set out) for France to-morrow (if it be) fine 
partir —fa amanhd fizer bom 

weather. 
tempo. 

I learn Portuguese, and my sister learns Spanish, 
aprender -—— -z Espanhoh 

I go fo-night to the opera. 
ir esta noite 



Imperfect of the Indicative. 

The Imperfect of the Indicative is used to express 
a past but habitual action during a time not 
specified, and corresponds with the English ex- 
pression, fused to do. 

Example. 

Caesar was a great general. 
Cezar foi um grande general. 



The Imperfect expresses also a present with 
respect to something past, and then it exactly 
agrees with the English expression, / was doing. 

Example. 

I was dining when I heard that sad news. 
Eu estavajantando qnando sube a triste noticia. 

Practice. 

Orpheus, according to the fable, mingled so 

o segundo fabula unir 

agreeably his voice with his lute, that he stopped 
agradavclmente v6z luta parar 

the course of the rivers, calmed tempests, attracted 
corrente rio calmar ■ ode attrahu 



86 PORTUGUESE 

the most savage beasts, and (gave motion) to the 

selvagem fera y emover 

trees and rocks, 
arvore penha* 

I was writing you a letter when I was informed 
escrever * carta informar 

of your arrival. 
chegada. 

What were you doing this morning in my room ? 
O que fazer esta manha quarto ? 

Alfred was a great king ; he possessed all the 

grande possuir 

virtues of a wise man, which were so well regulated, 

de sabio homem regular 

that each prevented the other (from exceeding) its 
impedir exceder 

proper bounds ; he knew how to unite the most 
Hmite ; conhecer unir 

enterprising spirit with the coolest moderation, and 
emprehendedor maior cad 

the most severe justice with the greatest lenity. 

, (i a suavidade. 

The walls of Babylon were two hundred feet high, 
muro Babilonia 

and fifty broad. 



Preterite of the Indicative. 

The Preterite of the Indicative is used to express 
a particular fact or event, happening but once, 
or very seldom, in time quite past. 

Examples. 

My father died yesterday. 
Meo pay morreo ontem. 



EXERCISES. 87 

I satv the king last year. 
JEu vi o rey o anno passado. 

Practice. 

Caesar ascended to the throne by sanguinary 
subir throno io 

means. 
meio. 
Alexander, with forty thousand men, attacked 

> -re quarenta attacar 

Darius, who had six hundred thousand ; he gave 
— o; dar-lhe 

him battle twice, defeated him, and made his mo- 
batalha ducts vez derrotar fazer 

ther, wife, and daughters, prisoners. 

prizioneiro. 
Cato (killed himself) (lest he should) fall into the 
Catao matar-se J teniendo cahir nas 

hands of Caesar. 

mads 

Philocles asked leave to retire into a remote 
F pedir licensa ~—ar remoto 

place. 
ugar. 

Marius was (ill treated) by fortune ; however, he 
o maltratar «; contudo 

did not lose his courage, 
perder 

Hannibal went from rank to rank, and cheered 
■ hir Jileira animar 

up his soldiers. 

The Greeks forbade women to be present at the 
prohibir estar € 

Olympic games. 

' o jo go 



68 PORTUGUESE 

Scipio forbade his ashes to be brought to his un- 
cmzas conduzir trim 

grateful native country. 
grato patria. 



The Future Tense denotes what is to be, or will 
happen, and is divided into the Perfect and Im- 
perfect. 

Examples. 

I shall soon go to France. 
CSdo irei a Franga. 

Practice. 

As soon as my education is finished, 1 will go 
gad concluida, 

into Italy to examine the Roman antiquities. 

. -ia o dade. 

I will write to you when I get to Brazil; 

escrerer chegar ■ 

When we are in Rome, we will go and visit 
Quando estiveres hir vizitar 

the Vatican. 
0. 

There will always be* war among men, because 
haver entre porque 

they are ambitious. 

You will find the Portuguese language useful 
achar lingua util 

both iii the East and West Indies. 
tanto como 

The Lord said unto Cain, who had killed his 
Deos dizer a Cahim, matar 
brother Abel, " When thou tillest the ground, it 
trabalhar terra 



* In this sentence, the verb haver, to have, must be used 
in the Portuguese instead of ser, to be. 



EXERCISES. 89 

shall not yield unto thee; a fugitive and vagabond 
produzir o mid* 

thou shalt be on the earth." 
terra. 

The Parliament will meet to-morrow. 
Parlamento juntar 

I shall be in London next month. 
estar res no mez que vein. 

I will dine with you to-morrow, and we uill go 

jantar amanJta kir 

in the evening to the Opera. 
serao\ 

I shall be happy in your company. 
ser feliz companhia. 

I will give you moneyrif you will not make a bad 
dar dinheiro fazer mdo 

use of it. 



The Nominative Case in the Imperative Mood 
ought to be placed after the Verb. 

Examples. 

Write your exercise. 
Ecrevei o vosso thema. 

Respect your masters. 
Respitai os vossos mestres. 

Practice. 

Respect the religion and laws of the couutry. 
Respeitar ad lei paiz. 

Love your relations, do them good if you can, 
parentes fazer-lhes bem 

you will never repent it. Repeat your lesson. 

arrependerse. Dizer licao. 

Keep honest company, and you will be honest. 
Frequentar boas mia honesto. 



90 PORTUGUESE 

Succour the wretched. 
Soccorrer misero. 

Live according to reason. 



Of the Subjunctive Mood. 

The first Imperfect Subjunctive in Portuguese is 
also used in a sense that denotes the present, 
especially in sentences of wishing. 

Examples. 

I wish you were a better man. 

Eu quizera que vos fosses melhor homem. 
Though she ivere very rich and very handsome, I 
Ainda que ella fosse muito rica e muito formosa, eu 
would not marry her, 

nad cazaria com ella. 

Practice. 

I wish you would consider this matter. 
dezejar ar 

I would marry your cousin ; but, though her 
cazar prima ; amdaque 

father would consent to it, that could not be done 
pay consentir nad poder fazer, 

without my father's consent. 
sem consentimento. 

I ivould sell my horse, if I could find a pur- 
vender cavallo achar com- 

chaser. 
prador. 

We should be happy if you ivould come on my 
seriamos feliz vir no meo 

(birth-day.) 
dia de annos, 



EXERCISES. 91 



After the Particle se 9 we make use of the Future 
Conjunctive, when we speak of a Future Action. 

Examples. 

He will become a learned man, if he will study. 
Elle se fara hum homem sabio y se estudar 

I will come to-morrow, if I have time. 
Eu virei a manhd, se tiver tempo. 

Practice. 

If I wish to dp good to (any body), no one can 
querer fazer bem alguem, ninguem 

prevent me. 
privar-me. 

Shall I be blamed if I do good to the poor ? 
sensurado fazer pobre ? 

If my master come before I finish my exercise, 
mestre vir acabar thema, 

I do not know what excuse I shall give him. 
saber desculpa dar-lhe, 

Iftvto things are equal to a third, they are equal 
dots couzas igual terceira ser 

to one another. 
entre si 

If you will do me that favour that I asked of you 
fazer favor pedire 

yesterday, I shall be obliged to you, 
- hontem ser obrigado 

I will do it if I can. 
fazer poder, 



$2 PORTUGUESE 

A Verb preceded by que, is always put in the 
Subjunctive, after the Impersonals he percizo, 
he justo, he injusto, &c, and in general after 
all the Impersonal Verbs. 

[See Vieyra's Grammar , p. 143,] 

Examples. 

You must do it. 

He percizo que ofassais. 
He must go. 
He percizo que elle va« 

Practice. 

It is convenient that this be done. 

-■ — e que fazer. 

It is right that the wicked be punished. 
justo que m&o punir. 

It is an unjust thing that those who well defend 
o hem defender 

their country, are not rewarded. 
patria premiar. 

It is impossible that he can succeed. 

— " vel hem succeder. 

There is nothing that disgusts me more, than to 
que desgostar mais, do que 

see rude and imprudent boys, 
ver rude e rapares. 

Though I cry, nobody pities me. 

Ainda que chorar coitar 



EXERCISES. 93 

Of the Infinitive Mood. 

[See Vieyra's Grammar, p. 151.] 
The Infinitive without a Preposition. 

Example. 

Deign to answer my question. 
Dignai responder a minha qitestad* 

Practice. 

Should you be as rich as Craesus, if you do not 
rico i 

know how to set bounds to your desires, you will 

saber por Jim dezejo, 

be always poor. 
sempre pobre. 

(To keep acquaintance) with vicious people, 
acompanhar gente vicioza 

is to authorize vice. 

authorizar vicio. 
A wise Man desires (nothing but) what he can 

sabio homem dizejar senno poder 

get justly, use with sobriety, and distribute cheer- 
adquerirjustamente, uzar — dade, ir gosto- 

fuliy. 
zamente. 

Men ought to shun vice, and practise virUie. 

dever evitar to praticar de. 

Those who pretend to be learned, are very often 
pretender ser sabio ser muitas vezes 
ignorant. 
e. 



94 PORTUGUESE 



O before the Verb in the Infinitive Mood, ren- 
dered in English by to. 

Example. 

To walk is wholesome. 

Opqssedr he (bom para a saude) saudavel. 

Practice. 

To complain is proper to a (sick person.) 
queixar proprio doente. 

To give advice is very easy, but to execute is 
dar conselho facil, ar 

difficult. 

difficultdzo. 

To correct men while they are young is very 

corregir em quanto mofo 

proper. 

propria. 
To speak the trut^h is not always convenient, 
fallar verdade ser nao sempre •€. 

To do evil is an abominable act. 
fazer mal vel accad. 



De or para before a Verb in the Infinitive Mood. 

Examples. 

It is time to set out. 
He tempo de partir. 

You have no cause to be angry with me. 
Nad tenes cauza para estar mal comigo. 



EXERCISES. 95 



Practice. 

You have plenty of time to consider that ques- 
mitito tempo considerar nad — 
tion. 
— ad, 

Reading is the method of conferring with men, 
Leitura ■ o conferir homens, 

who, in every age, have been the most distinguished 

em todos seculos ter sido distinct os 

for their learning, of [becoming acquainted with) 
sciencia^ conhecer 

the result of their mature reflections, and of con- 
ado dura coens, con- 

templating at leisure the finished productions of 

templar com descanco melhor cad 

good authors. 
horn . 

He had not the courage to resist* 
ter nad m resistir. 

I have no reason to postpone my journey. 
ter nad razad transferir Jornada, 

He is worthy of being preferred for that employ - 
digno preferir em- 

ment. 
prego. 



A and para before the Infinitive, rendered in 
English by to. 

Examples. 

I am ready to go out. 
Estou prompta a sahir. 

This fruit is good to eat. 
Este fruto he bom para comer. 



90 PORTUGUESE 



Practice. 

I have found a fine garden to let. 
ter achar lindojardim alugar* 
Is your house to sell or to let ? 
caza vender alugar? 
I have (so much) work to do that I must finish 
ter tanta obra fkzer percizar acabar 

the letter I have begun to write, 
carta principiar escrever. 

Happy the princes who have endeavoured to do 

Feliz — pe ter contribuir fazer 

good to their people. 
hem povo. 

Have you a book to lend me. 
livro eraprestar-me. 

The house which I have advised you to buy is 
caza aconcelhar comprar 

new. 

novo, 

I have not a moment to lose, 
ter o perder. 



Em, rendered in English by in. 

Example. 

I feel great pleasure in seeing you. 
Tenho grande prazer em vex-vos. 

Practice. 

Your courage consists in facing dangers. Your 
coragem consistir afrontar perigos. 
son spends all his time in laughing and playing. 
gastar to do tempo rir e tmjogar. 



EXERCISES. 97 

A true Christian places all his happiness in re- 
verdadetro fazer prazer 

lieving the unfortunate, 
soccorrer desgracado. 
The true hero experiences an infinite satisfaction 

heroe experimentar a cao 

in {sacrificing himself) for his country, 
sacrificar-se patria. 

There is more glory in dying like Nelson, than in 
ha mats ia como , , 

living with unmerited honours. 

viver com nad merecidas honras. 



Infinitive instead of the Gertjnd. 
Examples. 

You cannot go there, without disobeying your 
V6s nad podeis hir sem desobedecer a vo$$& 

father. 

pay. 

I must begin by saying my lessons. 

He necessario que eu principle por dizer minhas licoens. 

Practice. 

After having terminated some affairs at home, I 
Depois de concluir negocio caza, 

shall begin by paying some visits ; and after having 
principiar pagar algumas a ; 

dined, I will spend the evening with you. 
jantar, passar serao 

Nobody can be happy without practising virtue. 
Ninguem poder ser feliz practicar _<&?. 

If Titus passed one day without doing good to 
Tito passar dia sem fazer bem & 

(any one), he used to say, " I have lost this day." 
alguem cus tumor dizer ter perder dia. 



98 PORTUGUESE 

Of Participles and Gerunds. 

[See Vieyra's Grammar, p. 152.] 

The Active Participles which follow the Verb ter 
must end in o. 

Example, 

I have seen the king. 
Tenho visto o rey. 

Practice. 

The rule which I have begun to explain is not 
regra principiar expliear 

difficult, but you must pay attention to it. 
deficit devSr dar cad 

In war-time places are taken and retaken by force 
guerra tempo pracas tomar retomar fovea 

of arms. 

as. 

The book I have written is very useful ; I will 
Uvro escrever muito utih 

give you a copy. 
dar copia, 

I have dined. Your friends have supped. 
jantar. amigos ter cear. 



Of the Participle Passive. 

[See Vieyra's Grammar > p. 153.] 
Example. 

An honest man is praised by every body. 

Hum homem honesto he lovado por todos. 

Practice. 

My brother is esteemed by his mother and father. 
irmao estimar may pay. 



EXERCISES. 99 

The wicked are always tormented by their own 
mdos ser sempre atormentar propria 

consciences. 
to. 

Virtuous people are esteemed, and the impious 
zo estimar — 

despised. 

desprezar. 

My house was destroyed by fire. 
destmir fogo. 

(Black men) are sold in the Brazils like beasts. 
Pretos vender ■ como animal. 



When a word ending in ing 9 precedes a Sub- 
stantive in English^ it is placed after it in Por- 
tuguese, and is always declinable, like an Ad- 
jective. 

Examples. 

A man fearing God. 
Hum horn em temente a Deos. 
A convincing proof. 
Huma prova convencente. 
Charming women. 
Mulheres encantadoras. 

Practice. 

Your sister is a charming girl. 

irma rapariga. 

As on the margin of a brook, a zephyr, with 

Como margem ribeiro^ <?, 

cooling breezes, revives the languishing flocks 

fresca briza ar languido rebanho 

which the burning heat of the summer consumes; 

ardente color verao consomir , 

so this speech allayed the goddess's despair. 
ducurso apagar deoza colera. 

F 2 



100 PORTUGUESE 



CHAPTER IX. 



OF THE ADVERBS. 

[See Vieyra's Grammar, p. 114.] 

In Portuguese, Adverbs are placed after the Verb? 
in a simple Tense, and between the Auxiliary 
and the Participle in a Compound one ; they 
are also put, as in English, between the Nomi- 
native and the Verb. 

Example. 

They never say what they think. 
Elles nab dizem nunca o que sentem. 
Or^ Elles nunca dizem o que sent em. 

Practice. 

We seldom repent of talking little, but very 

raramente arrepender falar, fre- 

often of talking (too much). 
quentemente muito. 

Homer sometimes slumbers in the mid&t of gods 
algumas vezes meio deozes 

and heroes. 
heroes. 
Never (reproach) any one with the services you 
lan$ar em rosto a alguem os os 

do them. 
fazer. 

The love of (earthly things} is always aecom- 
amor coizas terrestres 



EXERCISES. 101 

panied (with) an indifference towards heavenly 
har de £« vefativamente acs be?is 

ones. 
celestes. 



Place of Adverbs, 

The Adverbs of Time, hoye, amanha, ontem; 
the Adverbs compounded of several words ; and 
those which govern a Noun after them, are 
commonly placed after the Verb. 

Examples. 

He has acted prudently. 
Elle iern obrado prudentemente. 

You sing admirably. 
Vos cantais admiravelmente. 

Practice. 

If you had acted conformably with reason and 
obrar conforme razao 

justice, nobody would have condemned your 
f«, ninguem reprovar 

conduct. 
a. 
You have given me (too much) bread. 
dar muito pad. 

Your sisters have danced elegantly. 

dan$ar elegantemente. 
I saw your father yesterday, 
ver pay hontem. 

I will see you to-morrow. 

ver amanha* 

I come expressly to see you, 

vir positivamente 
He has acted shamefully. 
vergozamente. 



102 PORTUGUESE 

CHAPTER X. 

OF THE PREPOSITIONS. 

[See Vieyra's Grammar , p. 117, 155.] 

Place of Prepositions. 

In the Portuguese language the Prepositions are al- 
ways placed before the words which they govern, 
and never after, as they are sometimes in English. 

Examples. 

What is thai for ? Whom do you complain of? 
Para que he aquillo ? De quern vos queixais vos ? 
Practice. 

Whom do you speak to? What does he complain 
falar Que queixar-sc 

off 

Whom shall I (apply myself) to ? 

dirigir-me 
As magistrates (are above) the people, so the 

do ser superior povo 

laws are above magistrates. 
lei 
We fancy that the antipodes are under us, they 
pensar ■ cts debaixo 

think that we are under them ; but all are upon the 
pensar sobre 

earth, for no part of a surface can be upon another 
super/ice « outra 

part of the same surface. 
mesm'a 



EXERCISES. 103 



HOW TO EXPRESS from, FOLLOWED BY to. 

When the Prepositions from and to are used to 
express the distance, or going from one place to 
another, from is expressed in Portuguese by de, 
and to by a, if we speak of a particular place. 

Example. 

I go from Lisbon to Coimbra in two days. 
Euvou de Lisboa a Coimbra em dois diets. 



But to is expressed by para before a name of a 
country, and by em when the substantive is 
repeated. 

Examples. 

I go from house to house, from kingdom to 
Eu vou de caza em caza, de reino em 

kingdom, from street to street, &c. 
reino, de rua em rua, §c. 

We have travelled from Portugal to Spain. 
Nos temos viagado de Portugal para Espanha. 

Practice. 

1 can go from Setubal to Lisbon in one day, and 
ir Setubal Lisboa dia, 

in four hours from Lisbon ta Sintra. 
a , 

It is 15 miles from Setubal to Lisbon, and it is 18 

a 

inWesfrom Lisbon to Sintra. 
a 

I went from Germany to Russia, and from Russia 
ir da Alemanha da 

to Sweden. 
teeia. 



104 PORTUGUESE 

(How far) is \tfrom Porto to Figueira, and from 
Que distancia . 9 

Figueira to Lisbon ? 
— — -,«.? 

It is 36 miles from Porto to Figueira, and it is 
1 > 

90 miles from Figueira to Lisbon. 

You spend all the day in going from house to 
gastar dia ir caza 

house, from street to street, from place to place, 
rua lugar 

only to hear and see what (people say) and do. 
somente ouvir ver se diz e o que sefaz. 

It is not far from his house to the river. 
tinge rio* 



When the Prepositions from and to are used to 
express duration of time, from is expressed by 
desde, and to by ate. 

Example. 

I have been~in Scotland" from January to Octo- 
Eu tenho estado em Scocia desde Janeiro ate Octo- 
ber. 
bro. 

Practice. 

A poor ploughman, who works from morning to 
pobre trabalhador trabalhar manha 

night, when he is well paid for his labour, lives as 
a noite, quando pagar trabalho, viver 

content as a king. 



I walk from ten to twelve, and I study from six 
passear meio dia, estudar 

to eight, sometimes to nine. 
oito, ds vezes nove. 



EXERCISES. 105 



The Prepositions de, em, contra, sem, &c. are 
usually repeated in Portuguese before every 
Noun, Pronoun, or Verb, whether they are 
repeated in English or not. 

Examples. 

He is in a state of doubt, fear, and distrust. 
Elle est a em hum estado de duvida,de temor, e de descon- 
fianga. 

Practice. 

Foreigners take pleasure in admiring at Amster- 
Estrangeiro fazer pruzer em admirar ■■. ■ 

darn the singular mixture formed by the ridges of 

n eombina$ao telhados 

bouses, the tops of trees, a^id the flags of ships, 
eazas pontas arvore bandeiras navios, 

which present, in the same place, an idea of the sea, 
presentar mesmo lugar, mar, 

the city, and the country. 
cidade, campo. 

Heroes formerly (sacrificed themselves) for their 
antigamente sacrificar-se 

country, or their mistresses ; at present nothing is 

patria dulcineas, nada 

done butybr fortune or pleasure. 
fazer senao diriheiro prazer. 



F S> 



106 PORTUGUESE 



CHAPTER XL 



OF THE PORTUGUESE IDIOMS. 

To be, expressed by ter. 

The Verb to be is expressed by the Verb ter >; 
when it is followed by words signifying di- 
mension ; or the words hungry, dry, thirsty, 
hot, warm, cold; also, by the words in the 
right, in the wrong, ashamed or afraid; and 
in speaking of the age of persons or animals. 

Examples. 

He is six feet high. 
Elle tern seis pes de alt ur a, or alto* 

Are you hungry ? 
Tendes vosfome ? 
Are you cold ? 
Tendes frio ? 
You are in the right. 
Vos tendes razad ? 

How old are you ? 
Que idade tendes vos ? 

I am fifteen. 
Tenho quinze annos. 

Practice. 

Some whales are an hundred feet long ; their 
baleas comprimento, 

tails are more than twelve feet in circumference, 

rabo pe ; °, 

and their fins are about seven feet long. 
barbatanas pouco mais eomprido. 






EXERCISES. 107 

How old was your father when he died ? He 

morrer ? 
was seventy.* And your mother ? She was almost 
setenta. perto 

eighty. 
oitenta. 

i do not remember to have ever been so thirsty 
lembrar nunca stde 

as I was yesterday. 
hontem. 

Warm yourself, if you are cold ; my feet are not 
Aquentar-vos frio ; pe 

cold, because I have walked much ; but my hands 

p or que passear muito, mao 

are so cold that I cannot write. 
escrever. 
There are some walks in your park which are 
lid passeos par que, 

three hundred feet loug. 

trezentos comprimento. 

You (are in the wrong), and he is in the right. 
nao ter razao razao. 

How old is your daughter ? She will be fifteen 
filha? iaz quinze 

next March. I did not think she was more than 
Mar go, pensar 

thirteen. 
treze. 



* The word anno, year, when speaking of age, must al- 
ways be used in Portuguese after the cardinal number, 
though it is not expressed in English. 



108 EXERCISES. 



To be, expressed by faztf. 

The Verb to he is usually expressed by fazer> be- 
fore the words sol,vento 9 calor 9 frio 9 and generally 
when we speak of the appearance of the weather. 

Example. 

It is fine weather. 
Faz bom tempo. 

Practice. 

Is it cold this morning? Yes, Sir, it is very 
frio esta manha ? Sim, senhor, muito 

cold ; however, I do not think it is (quite so) cold 
contudo, penso tao 

as it was yesterday. 
hontem. 
The weather is very inconstant ; it was hot yes- 

e, caWr 

terday, iti* cold (to-day); it rained this morning, it 
hoje chover 

is fine weather now ; but perhaps it will rain again 
bom agora ; talvez chover outra 

before it be night. 
vez antes da noite. 

It is colder in London than in Lisbon. 
mais frio — res — — a 

It is finer weather at Brazil in the winter, than 
melhor tempo inverno do que 

in England in the summer. 
Inglaterra verao* 



( 109) 

GEOGRAPHICAL EXTRACTS. 



OF THE 

KINGDOM OF PORTUGAL. 

Portugal, the most western country of Europe, 

, occidental paiz a 

is 350 miles long, and 120 broad ; bounded on the 

West and South by the Atlantic, and on the East 

Occident e Sul o, 

and North by Spain. It is divided into six pro- 
vinces, Estremadura, Beira, Entre Douro e Minho, 



Tras dos Montes, Alentejo, and Algarve. Though 

, ~ 9 e . 

Spain and Portugal are in the same climate, the 
Espanha « clima, 

air of the latter is more temperate than that of the 

segundo temperado 

former, on account of the neighbourhood of the 
primeiro, em consequencia proximidadc 

ocean. Corn is not plentiful ; little attention is 
o. Nad abunda em trigo 

paid to husbandry ; and maize, imported from 
agricuituraj milko, da 

Africa, is used by the peasants instead of wheat. 

— , camponeos em lugar 

There is plenty of olives, vines, oranges, lemons, 

nuts, almonds, figs, and raisins ; and Portugal is 

famous for excellent wines. Much salt is mads 

sal 



110 PORTUGUESE 

also from the (sea-water) , especially in the Bay of St. 
agua salgada Se- 

Ubes, whence (a great deal) is exported. 
tubal, donde grande quantidade exportar-se. 

The manufactures are few and unimportant ; but 

as insignificant e ; 

the chief are those of woollen cloth. The foreign 
principal saragoca 

trade consists in the exportation of the produce of 

productos 

the country, and in the merchandise received from 

paiz, mercadorias 

its foreign settlements, as sugar, tobacco, rum, 
estrangeiro aguwdente, 

cotton, indigo, hides, brasil, and many excellent 

drugs. Beside these, it receives gold, silver, dia- 
Alem destas 

monds, &c. from America. In Portugal, there are 

mines of iron, copper, tin, and lead, and quarries 

of mar b re. 

The principal rivers are, the Tajo, Douro, Gua- 

Tejo, - , 

diana, Minho, and the Mondesfo. Lisbon is the 



capital city. 



OF LISBON. 



Lisbon, the capital of Portugal, is seated on the 
— ■ « sitiada ao 

north side of the Tajo, ten miles from its mouth, 
lado do Tejo pelo norte fos 

and is built on seven hills, not broad, but six miles 
construida montes largo 



EXERCISES. Ill 

in length. The city is walled round. The harbour 
comprimento, murada ribeira 

will contain one thousand ships in the greatest 

confer navios 

safety, the entrance of which is defended by two 

entrada defender 

forts ; and before the entrance to the city is the 

antes 
fort of Belem. Near this is a grand aqueduct 
Perto o 

between two hills, which conveys water to a great 
entre monies conduzir 

reservoir, rat one of the extremities of Lisbon. In 

reservatorio — ■ dade a, 

the middle of the city, on one of the hills, is a 
centro cidade 

citadel, which commands the whole place. The 
castelo dominar 

cathedral, on another eminence, is ancient and 

- cia 

gloomy ; but the riches of the Portuguese have 

feia riquezas 

rendered it magnificent. The royal palace fronts 
magnifico tern 

the river ; it is large and magnificent, and contains 
a front eir a para o rio ; contem 

a library, collected at a vast expense by John V. 
biblioteca grande somas 

Lisbon in 1755 was almost destroyed by an 

earthquake, but has been handsomely rebuilt. It 
terremoto re-edifiear. 

contains many beautiful edifices, forty parish- 

tern magnifico io ; freguezia 

churches, fifty convents, and about two hundred 

■■ OS 

thousand inhabitants. There are public walks, 
habitantes, passeios 



112 PORTUGUESE 

two theatres, and a circus for the bull-feasts. The 
os pra$as touros 

trade i3 very considerable, and many foreign mer- 
comercio 

chants reside here, this city being the grand maga- 
zine of all goods brought from Brazil and other co- 
lonies of Portugal. 



OF OPORTO, or PORTO, 

A city and sea-port of Portugal, in Entre Douro 
porto de mar »■" ■ 

e Minho, and is a (bishop's see.) It is by nature 
— — — bispado. 

almost impregnable, and is noted for its wines, of 

famigerada seos 
which large quantities are exported to England. 
- ■ dades Inglaterra. 

The other chief exports are oranges, lemons, &c. 
principal export acao 

and linen cloth to Brasil. Its commerce greatly 
pano de linho — -io 

increased after the earthquake at Lisbon, in 1755 ; 
augmentar depots em Lisboa 

before that time its population was estimated at 

calculada 

twenty thousand, and it is now said to be fifty thou- 
sand. It is seated on the side of a mountain, near 
sitiada lado huma montanha^ pert* 

the river Douro, which forms an excellent harbour, 

porto 

147 miles N. by E. of Lisbon, 



v. 



EXERCISES. 113 

OF BRASIL, 

A country of South America, which gives the 

paiz 
title of Prince to the heir-apparent of the crown of 
titulo herdeiro coroa 

Portugal, Its length, from the mouth of the river 
longitude fos rio 

Para to that of the river Plata, is upward of two 

do Para Prata mais 

thousand one hundred miles, and its breadth is from 

latitude 

ninety to one thousand. 

It was discovered in 1500 by Alvarez Cabral, a 

descobrir 

Portuguese, who was forced upon it by a tempest ; 
arribar com ade; 

and it received its name from the abundance of 

seo ia 

Brazil-wood found here. The Portuguese have not 
pao achar 

penetrated far into the country ; but the coast they 

penetrar interior pais costa 

have divided into the provinces of Para, Marannan, 
dividir Maranhao 

Seara, Rio Grande, Paraiba, Tamarica, Fernambuco, 

Sergippy, All Saints Bay, Ilheos, Porto Seguro, 

Spiritu Santo, Rio Janeiro, St. Paul, and Rev. The 
o , , Sao Paulo 

climate is temperate and mild ; the rivers annually 

suave ; 

overflow their banks, and the soil in many places is 
inundar terreno . lugar 

very rich. More sugar is brought from this coun- 
productivo. 

try than from all other parts of the world. It pro- 

mundo. pro- 



114 PORTUGUESE 

duces tobacco, maize, several sorts of fruit, and 
thtzir tabaco, milko, qualidctde 
medicinal drugs. Beside the valuable Brasil wood, 
. drogas. Alem 

there are spacious woods of citron, ebony, mastic, 

spacozos matos cidreira 

cotton, and five species of palm trees. The mines 
especies palmeira mina 

of gold and diamonds, first opened in 1681, yield 

ouro i diamantes abrir 

above five millions sterling annually. The cattle 
assima annualmente* 

increase so prodigiously, that they are killed for 
propagar prodigiosamente matar 

their hides only; and there is great plenty of deer, 
pontas abundancia veado 

hares, and other game, and no country produces a 
lebre caca 

greater number of beautiful birds. The natives, 
lindissimo passaro. Os na turaes do pais 

who inhabit the inland parts, are people of different 

ilha povo 

languages ; they are of a copper colour, are strong, 

forte 

lively, and gay, love to adorn themselves with 
amavel) alegre, gostar enfeitar-se 

feathers, and are fond of feasts, at which they dance 
pluma amigo fhta dan car 

immoderately. Their huts are made of the branches of 
dezordenadamente, cabana ramo 

trees, covered with palm leaves. When they travel, 
arvore cobrir palmeira fdlha. viajar, 

they fasten their hammocks between two trees, and 

amarrar redes entre 

sleep all the night therein. The capital of the 
dormir alt. 

Portuguese settlements is St. Sebastian. 
colomnia • ' ' ■ 5. 



> 



EXERCISES. ^,115 

RIO JANEIRO (River). 

Is the name of a river of Brasil, which enters the 
nome rio ■■ entrar 

Atlantic Ocean, at St. Sebastian. It is rather a 
— — • o o abemdizer 

small bay, as the water is salt ; at its mouth are 

piquena pois que agua salgada embocadura 

several small islands, which render the entrance 
muitas ilhas fazer entrada 

difficult and dangerous. On the east side is the fort 

oz a ptrigeza. nascente 

of Santa Cruz, and on the west that of St. Jago, 
, poente 

together with the capital. 
junta 



RIO JANEIRO (Province). 

Is also one of the richest provinces of Brazil, 
mais ricas 

lying near the tropic of Capricorn, on the river of 

perto o > io 

the same name ; it produces cotton, sugar, rum, 
produzir algodao, assucar, aguardente* 
coffee, cocoa, pepper, indigo, and tobacco, with 
eaffe y cacao, pimenta, anil, 

abundance of fruit and vegetables, but no bread- 
ia fructo vegetal 

corn, so that the people have no wheat-flour but 
trigo trigo farinha 

what is brought from Portugal ; as a substitute, 
trazer « — . 

there are yams and cassada in plenty, The riches 
ha mandioea 

of the country consist in mines of gold and in pre- 
cious stones. St. Sebastian is the capital. 




OP THE 

MONEY AND EXCHANGES OF 
PORTUGAL. 

Books and Accounts are kept in general throughout this 
Kingdom in Mill-reas and Reas, 1000 Reas making a Mill- 
rea, and they separate the Mill-reas from the Reas, by a 
Mark thus, 567 476, which is as much as to say 567 
Mill-reas and 476 Reas. 

The principal current Coins are, viz. 

Copper. £. s. d.f. 

A Quarto Vintin, equal to 5 Reas '. l/ f 

— .Vintin 20 Do 1 If 

Silver. 

— Testoon (5 Vintins) = 100 Do 6 3 

— Cruisade, or Crown (4 Testoons) = 400 

Do, 2 30 

— new Cruisade (24 Vintins, or j 1 ^ Moidbre) 

=480Do 2 8 If 

Gold. 

— Testoon Piece = 800 Do 4 60 

— Moidore (48 Testoons) = 4800 Do 1 7 

— Joanese (64 Testoons) = 6400 Do 1 16 

Likewise 5 Moidore Pieces, 2|, J, -J, f Ditto. 

Also 4 Joanese, double Joanese, §, 3, and § Ditto. 

The Mill-rea and Rea are imaginary. A Mill-rea is 6s. 
7±d. and a Rea T Vo °f a Farthing Sterling. 

England (as well as other Nations) exchanges with this 
Kingdom by the Mill-rea, and gives Pence and Parts of a 
Penny for it, according to the Course of Exchange, which 
is generally from 5s. 3d. to 5s. Sd. — The Par of the Mill- 
rea is 5s. l\d. and every Farthing that is given less or more 
for it, is 7*. 4§d. ±§ per Cent. Loss or Gain. — As England 
has generally a Balance due from thence, the Exchange is 
seldom higher than at the Rate of 5s, kd. per Mill-rea, 
which at this Price is 51. 3s. $£d. per Cent, under Par, as 
to England, and therefore so much Loss ; but to any par- 
ticular Merchant, being so much better Exchange, the less 
he gives for the Mill-rea, it is 51. 3s. 8§d. Gain per Cent. 

THE END. 



T. C. Hansard, Pater-noster-row Press. 






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